Biltrite case Module I through X Essay

Module III: Control Testing †Sales Processing 1.The inspecting plan in the structure of controls doesn't give tests about incomes and records receivables. The shortcoming that I could see is the way that products that were conveyed to clients were not charged which bring about bill of filling not being pre-numbered. Along these lines, bills of replenishing don't consider a successful inspecting unit. For a fruitful review, evaluators need to assess arranges arbitrarily and verify whether the merchandise were delivered and the clients got solicitations before the receipt of the item, Therefore for this situation, presence/event is the strategy for the inspectors. 2 and 3 are appended under â€Å"2009 attribu† 4. The examining plan shows that there is a viable control of the organization by the individuals in control since the cost of the items, the amount of the balance and as far as possible offered to clients are not over the confinement. Anyway the bills of ladings that were missing keep the examiners incredulous and make them search further for material data. Additionally, the other thing that looks dubious is the expanded profit appeared. The explanatory methods and quality testing performed will the inspectors to glance further in respects of the deals recorded during the year, the client adjusted and the records receivable. In this way, I accept that total materiality edge shouldn’t be brought down since the two records receivable and deals tests show earning’s expansion. Module IV: MUS Sampling-Factory Equipment Additions 1. The goal of playing out this test is to test if the industrial facility gear accounts are physically exaggerated from the blunders found in the capitalization of customary fixes. The testing unit is the charge presenting on the production line gear account and the populace is $12,600,000 which is the contrast between the all out charges of $89,860,000 and the hardware increases of $77,260,000 2. Find exceed expectations report â€Å"2009 MUS† for answers 3. In setting these boundaries, Derick concentrated on his evaluation of inborn hazard and control in respects of the obtaining cycle and the degree of theâ overall review chance. To clarify the boundaries further, in light of the fact that the danger of off base acknowledgment is 5% percent, this implies Derick is 95% secure with the outcomes that he will get just 5% percent of blunders in the populace. Foreseen blunders of $100,000 is generally founded on past year’s review and the $640,000 of average misquote are mistakes Derick think exists in the populace in respects of the plant hardware account. 4. Find exceed expectations report â€Å"2009 MUS† for the estimation of the Projected misquote computation 11.3B a.â€Å"Tainting percentage† show up on a section when the book estimation of a unit is not exactly the testing time period. What's more, its motivation is to build up an anticipated blunder for all the examining stretch. 5. Furthermore, 6 can be found in the exceed expectations record â€Å"2009 MUS† for WP 11.3 C 7. a. Essential exactness is the measure of vulnerability related with testing just a piece of the populace and it is determined by duplicating the inspecting stretch by the certainty factor to quantify examining mistakes. b. Steady recompense for examining mistake increments when there is an expansion in the inspecting blunder. c. Remittance for inspecting hazard is a figure utilized arranging factual examples to continue examining hazard at the ideal level. d. Upper misquote limit is dictated by including the error (fundamental exactness) and gradual stipend for examining mistake. It quantifies the most extreme exaggeration at the 95% certainty level set. 8. The testing results don't bolster Derick’s concerns with respect to conceivable material error since the aftereffect of the upper misquote limit is $3,720,833 which is more than the average misquote of $640,000. Additionally the extent of the anticipated mistake is 85% which is determined by isolating $2,503,060 by $2,936,338. These mistakes ought to bring the populace inside the limits of acknowledgment. As I would see it this blunder speak to the modification important that speak to the $12,600,000 populace of processing plant gear. Module V: Accounts Receivable Aging Analysis 1. a.The extent of the complete dollar sum receivable I remembered for the affirmation demand is in â€Å"Account Receivable Aging Analysis† by jumping the aggregate sum that is collectible â€Å"C† by the aggregate sum of deals. The outcome is 82% ($9,803,430/$11,920,028) of the all out dollar balance in records of sales. b.In the occasion of no answer to a solicitation for positiveâ confirmation, as an evaluator I have to request further asks for, contact the supervisor and solicit him to take a few to get back some composure from the client. If there should arise an occurrence of no reaction from the client, I ought to look at the report I have close by, for example, deals orders, deals solicitations, transporting requests, and bills of replenishing. c.The motivation behind dissecting ensuing assortments since it an approach to check and ensure that the presence of the activity occurred. Additionally checking resulting assortments permits the reviewers to check the amp leness of the remittance for uncollectible records. This causes the reviewer to more readily ascertain the sum that is uncollectible from clients 2.I am not fulfilled that I have adequate proof to assess the presence and valuation attestation since I wasn’t ready to take a few to get back some composure of certain clients. Because of this burden as evaluators we ought to be dubious about if those deals do in truth exist. Likewise, in wording valuation, extra review should be performed in light of the fact that from the affirmed sum owed, it isn't sure in the event that it will be gathered. 3.Reclassification passage can be found in exceed expectations report â€Å"2009 ar†. 4.A. So as to fulfill the record receivable discounts, I would need to look at correspondence to and from clients, legitimate direction and assortment organizations including the attitude of sum that were expected previously. b. The review change is $340,000 which offer the leniency equalization to be $560,000 which I believe is sufficient as modification. c. See joined exceed expectations archive â€Å"2009† ar. 5. The full archive â€Å"2009 ar† is connected with the case. Module VI: Sales and Purchases Cutoff Tests 1. Stock cut off blunders: a. Vouchers 12458 and 12459 was gotten in 2009 as stock however not recorded in the books until one year from now, 2010. Which brought about exaggeration of $854,154 as impact on total compensation b. Crude material stock that was in travel. This activity doesn't influence net gain since it was exluded c. Deals 33003, 33004, 33006, 33007, and 33009 were acted in 2010 yet they were accounted for in 2009 which brought about exaggeration of $3,760,330 in overall gain. I feel that the misquote recorded above have all the earmarks of being purposeful so as to exaggerate net gain and make it look higher that its worth. This training is one of the procuring expansion gadgets that can be utilized to exaggerate overall gain. 2.See exceed expectations record â€Å"2009 cutoff† for auditâ adjustments. Module VII: Search for unrecorded Liabilities 1.Comment on the sufficiency for the methods performed: Lucas had the option to check if there was extra solicitations that were gotten and recorded. He additionally checked if the organization he is examining remembered these charges for year-end changes for liabilities that are not recorded. Then again she didn't check if solicitations got in 2010 ought to be recorded in 2009 and in this way material to the 2009 review and in the event that they were a piece of year-end modification for that year. The exact opposite thing that Lucas need to check is the liabilities from the past, 2008 and to check whether they apply to check whether they should be considered for 2009. 2.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in exceed expectations record â€Å"2009 Liab†. 3.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in exceed expectations archive â€Å"2009 Liab†. Module VIII: Dallas Dollar bank Reconciliation 1. The â€Å"Bank Reconciliation-Dallas Dolalr Bank† doesn't accommodate for December for the most part in light of the fact that the general record balance is not exactly the balanced parity (Audit alteration number 7). The sum that contrast between the two adjusts is $9,000. A portion of the causes in the event of non-compromise are: †There may have been a mistake performed by the bank at the hour of recording the store or check. †There may have been a blunder when the bank recorded the money receipt of the activity. 2. After I have made the rectification, the record accommodates. The alteration is made in WP.1 in exceed expectations report â€Å"2009 Bank†. 3 and 4 : See exceed expectations archive â€Å"2009 Bank part WP.1.B 5. The cutoff proclamation got straightforwardly from the bank bolster the presence, fulfillment and valuation destinations. This announcement gives an evaluator fulfillment with respect to the measure of money receipt toward the year's end and in the event that they were recorded at the opportune time. In the event that the cutoff proclamation secured the period 1/1/10 through 1/21/10 and the store in travel was credit in 1/12/10, as an examiner I ought to be worried that a customer was keeping money receipts records open after the year's end time frame and could have recorded 2010 money receipts in 2009. To ease my interests, I ought to apply settlement advices, money postings so as to have the option to checkâ the money receipt toward the year's end that compensate for the store in travel. Module IX: Analysis of Interbank Transfers 1. A. The reason for breaking down between bank moves for a brief period when the monetary record due in to check if there are any money cutoff blunders. B and C. the check 127332 indicating $3,000,000 got from Lawton was in reality an interbank move from Bank Two to Dollar Bank. The Biltrite Company is infringing upon one of the prohibitive pledges in the Bank Two understanding in such a case that the exchange was recorded accurately, it would show that the equalization was underneath $10,000,000 repaying balance. 2

Emma by Jane Austen Research Paper Example

Emma by Jane Austen Paper Cultural Affects of Love Emma, by Jane Austen, is an exemplary parody that occurred in the nineteenth-century close to London, England. Emma tells the story of a courageous woman endeavoring to be simply the intermediary for everybody, and at last. Emma Woodhouse, the principle character, loses her dear companion and tutor, Miss Taylor, to Miss Taylor’s marriage, in which she becomes Mrs. Weston. Emma, looking for another appreciated buddy, goes over Harriet Smith. Despite the fact that Harriet originates from a lower class in the public eye, Emma appreciates her magnificence and willingly volunteers to improve Harriet so as to make her adequate to the high society. For example, Mr. Martin, a nearby rancher, appears to have become hopelessly enamored with Harriet, yet Emma recommends that she dismiss him since she trusts Harriet can possibly get a man who is high in the public arena. Harriet consents, and Emma proceeds to suggest Mr. Elton, a minister, whom she accepts is an ideal counterpart for Harriet. However, later on Emma acknowledges Mr. Elton has in actuality begun to look all starry eyed at her, as opposed to Harriet, making her inquiry her matchmaking aptitudes. After a time of nonattendance from matchmaking, Mrs. Weston’s stepson, Frank Churchill, drops by the neighborhood and Emma succumbs to him. Harriet approaches Emma with the presentation that she has become hopelessly enamored with another man, anyway Emma demands that Harriet hush up about the name due to Emma’s dread of destroying a potential friendship on account of her absence of ability of matchmaking. Emma fears that Harriet is infatuated with Frank, so she denies her own affections for him so as to assist Harriet’s chances at acquiring a man of higher class. We will compose a custom exposition test on Emma by Jane Austen explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Emma by Jane Austen explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Emma by Jane Austen explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Notwithstanding, Emma finds that Frank is as of now drew in to Jane Fairfax and unveils this data to Harriet. When Harriet is educated regarding this, she appears to be impartial, demonstrating she was in reality not in affection with Frank, but instead succumbed to Mr. Gallant. When this data is revealed, Emma then acknowledges she is infatuated with Mr. Knightley too and he conveys similar affections for her. As one peruses the story, it is effectively presumed that social positioning is the obvious wellspring of the choices being made. Waldron says: Everybody aside from Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill is up to speed in a perplexing snare of social assumptions†¦ which makes an amusing blend of misconception and goof, with the goal that no one is seeing precisely what is there, or hearing precisely what is being said. (141) Throughout the story, one can see that societal position and class influence the adoration for the characters, yet additionally, to a sense, decide their lives. Being viewed as high in the public eye, Emma Woodhouse wants to just be related with those of the privileged. This discloses her craving to change Harriet when she meets her since she sees the potential Harriet has despite the fact that she is of the lower class. The storyteller lets us know: Harriet Smith was the regular little girl of someone. Someone had set her, quite a long while back, at Mrs. Goddard’s school, and someone had of late raised her from the state of researcher to that of parlor boarder†¦ She was a pretty young lady, and her magnificence happened to be of a sort which Emma especially respected. She was short, stout, and reasonable, with a fine sprout, blue eyes, light hair, standard highlights, and a look of incredible pleasantness; and, before the finish of the night, Emma was as much satisfied with her habits as her individual, and very resolved to proceed with the colleague. (22) Emma related with the lower class yet ensured that everybody knew there was a contrast among her and them. She would not like to demolish her notoriety by being seen with individuals underneath her. Miss Emma Woodhouse likes the sentiment of helping individuals who are lower than her; hence, that is the main time she blends in with the lower class. After Emma’s time went through with Harriet, Emma thinks she has brought Harriet up in the public arena. At the point when Mr. Robert Martin, a rancher, experiences passionate feelings for Harriet, he proposes. Emma doesn't care for this and is an exceptionally manipulative young lady. Eugene Goodheart states, â€Å"Emma is hardheaded, manipulative, an arranger or rather a misarranger of different people groups lives† (589). Emma, being the manipulative young lady she is, doesn’t straightforwardly advise Harriet to dismiss his proposition however implies that she doesn’t need to acknowledge him since she could improve. Emma didn’t even truly know Mr. Martin. All she knew was that he was a rancher and ranchers were viewed as the low class, so she simply let her convictions about class positioning cow her supposition to decrease Mr. Martin. Miss Woodhouse then offers with Harriet that on the off chance that she had acknowledged his proposition, at that point they could never again be companions since she would be down lower on the social class positioning. Emma says: Perfectly, splendidly right, my dearest Harriet; you are doing exactly what you should. While you were at all in tension, I hushed up about my emotions, yet since you are so totally chose, I have no wavering in favoring. Dear Harriet, I give yself delight of this. It would have lamented me to lose your associate, which probably been the outcome of your wedding Mr. Martin. (52-53) After declining Mr. Martin’s proposition, Miss Woodhouse and Mr. Knightley get into a contention since Mr. Knightley sees that Harriet is really lower in class than Mr. Martin, while Emma oppos es this idea. Mr. Knightley states, â€Å"Nonsense! Harriet Smith deny Robert Martin! Franticness, in the event that it is so; yet I trust you are mistaken† (60). Emma feels that since she is a companion of Harriet, she can't in any way, shape or form be that low in class in light of the fact that Emma doesn’t partner with the lower class. When Harriet needs to restore a visit from Mr. Martin’s sister, Elizabeth, Emma advises her to make it brief since she can't stoop down to their level in class. This demonstration affronts the Martins in light of the fact that Harriet had remained with them for a few months and they figure the least she can do is remain and visit. I concur with Julia Brown in that, â€Å"Her most prominent sin in the novel is slicing off Harriets warm connection to the Martins; as Lionel Trilling has stated, she is a reactionary, out to stop social mobility† (Brown). Emma believes that on the off chance that you are high in the public arena, at that point you have to connect with the higher classmen and on the off chance that you are lower, just partner with lower classmen. Another occurrence where class positioning commands is when Emma needs Harriet to wed Mr. Elton. She thinks he is enamored with her in view of all the little motions she takes note. Earthy colored composes, â€Å"As consistently in Jane Austen, the littlest detail of conduct can legitimize the most conclusive judgment† (Brown). For instance, Emma is painting a picture of Harriet and Mr. Elton watches her the entire time and offers to go get it confined in London when she is finished. Goodheart thinks: Emma overlooks both the fickle disaffinity and the social separation between themâ€and all the more heinously she misconstrues the wants of Mr. Elton. He is a vicar from a decent family with social desire; Harriet†¦ entirely in bondage to Emmas matchmaking plots. (589-590) Mr. Elton doesn’t need to wed Harriet in light of the fact that she is low in the public arena and he doesn’t need to debase himself by wedding her. Mr. Elton discloses to Emma: Miss Smith! I never thought of Miss Smith in the entire course of my reality; never paid her any considerations, however as your companion; never minded whether she were in any condition, yet as your companion. On the off chance that she has liked something else, her own desires have deluded her, and I am exceptionally heartbroken, very sorry†¦ Oh, Miss Woodhouse, who can consider Miss Smith when Miss Woodhouse is close? I have just idea of you†¦ Everything that I have said or done, for a long time past, has been with the sole perspective on denoting my veneration of yourself. (132) When Emma discovers that Mr. Elton cherishes her and not Harriet, she accepts that Mr. Elton just loves her since he feels that she can help raise him in the public eye: â€Å"She [Emma] barely cared about his connection, and was offended by his expectations. He needed to wed well and, having the pomposity to raise his eyes to her, claimed to be infatuated; yet she was impeccably simple with respect to his not enduring any mistake that need be minded for† (136). When Emma understands this, she is upset. She doesn't see this, yet she is doing precisely the same thing. Her class positioning status consistently drives her into her choice or practices. Afterward, Emma recovers data that Mr. Elton had hitched a lady that increased his general public positioning. He wedded Miss Augusta Hawkins. She is viewed as an opportunist; somebody who has cash and riches, however not so much the stuff to be viewed as high in the public eye. She thinks cash alone makes you higher positioned, which disturbs Emma. We likewise observe later on in the book how Emma thinks about The Coles as opportunists as well. They have as of late become wealthier and are attempting to act like they are high-class individuals since they have more cash. Emma doesn’t like this by any means. To Emma, everybody winds up tragic, baffled, and forlorn when they attempt to exceed expectations their social class positioning. Later on in Emma, after Miss Woodhouse abandons attempting to locate the ideal counterpart for Harriet, she discovers that Harriet is currently keen on Mr. Knightley: â€Å"I never ought to have attempted to consider it from the outset, however for you. You advised me to watch him cautiously, and let his conduct be the standard of mineâ€and so I have. However, presently I appear to feel that I may merit him;

Sunday in Downtown Urbana

Sunday in Downtown Urbana Q: What’s the best part about going to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign? A: We get two downtowns!! Today, after hearing so much about it, I finally made the trip to downtown Urbana. It seemed pretty quiet and small in comparison to downtown Champaign, but it has plenty of its own charm. Some highlights: Flying Machine Coffee: I’m currently writing from this very spotâ€"it’s the perfect place to meet with friends or be productive. In addition to coffee, they also serve all sorts of delicious pizzas (I might just order one and write a post about it later.) My Iced Americano Coffee See You CD Vinyl: If you’re on the hunt for some new tunes, look no further! This is the cutest little record storeâ€"I was so tempted to pick something up, but I guess Id have to buy  a record player first… Priceless Books: We stopped at this used bookstore and almost got lost in the maze of shelves (in a good way!) One could easily kill a few hours browsing their collection. A view of the book stacks Farmer’s Market: From May through November, you can check out the Farmer’s Market on Saturday, open 7AM-12PM. I try to go downtown as frequently as possible over weekendsâ€"it’s nice to leave campus and switch things up a bit. If you’re visiting campus soon, I’d definitely recommend checking out both downtown Urbana, as well as downtown Champaign ?? Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

Reflection Paper On The United States Health Care System

REFLECTION PAPER As an international student, this complete semester is a great learning experience for me. Various things I have learned in this four month period such as education system in the USA, learning and teaching culture in GVSU, last but not least United States health care system. Before enrolling for this course, I thought I would assimilate what makes USA healthcare system one of the best in the world. To my surprise, I learn more about why it is struggling in some aspects and how can we improve. Both India and USA attempting to fortify their health care system and approaching towards universal health coverage plan. Working as a medical professional back in my country permitted me to comprehend this entire semester by comparing healthcare back in my country and the USA. The thing which excites me more is to see the other side of the health sector, functioning as a dental practitioner never gave me such an open door in past. Learning this course really matters because things are working o utside the doctor’s cabin are really very intricate and to run a healthcare setup effectively is extremely challenging and need an extensive knowledge and skills and everybody need to perform their respective roles. Albeit everything is new for me initially however the thing which I felt new is the way to manage this diverse class by forming a group on first day whose each member is different than other, by perfectly united them as per their reasoningShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Systems : The Uk, Canada, And The United States906 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to compare health care systems in three western industrialized democratic societies: The UK, Canada, and the United States. Each nation’s health care system is a reflection of it’s history, politics, economy, and national values (Reid, 2009). Although there are local varations of health care systems, they all tend to follow the same general pattern. 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The Importance Of Exercise - 778 Words

At the beginning of the semester, when we did the â€Å"tech-free 15 minutes†, I learned that I was very dependent on my phone. I was forced to be a day without it and I felt anxiety. When I tried this again, I made sure that nothing would distract me. I deleted all the social media apps on my phone to assure that I would not feel the need to check up on them. Furthermore, I also put my phone on silent in order to make sure that I would not get distracted by text messages. In order to further have a distraction free â€Å"30 minutes† I locked myself in my room and just laid in my bed. I did nothing, except stare at the ceiling and contemplate life. During one of my weekly staff meetings, I learned that the best way to free your mind from†¦show more content†¦As a Hispanic woman, this day drastically impacted me. I have always liked politics and have kept up with many of the decisions that have the ability to impact us as a population. However, ever since electi on day politics have changed a lot of aspects in life that I did not expect them too. One of the biggest shift that I have notice occur is the fact that Twitter has become a widely known, and controversial, platform. Twitter has been around for a long time now, but in the past 6 years that I have had one, I do not think I have ever heard as much talk of it as I do now. It has also not been very common for a president to speak to the public via twitter. Now, however, it seems very normal for the president of the United States to address the people through 180 characters. A year ago I would never have predicted that our internet usage could possibly be limited through policies. I never would have predicted that some of my loved ones would be losing their DACA. I would not have considered it normal for a president to publicly side with white supremacists. Most importantly, I did not expect a feeling of nervousness and anger to captivate the people of America. I think that as people pro cess everything that occurs in society, these feelings become more and more normal. I think many things are taken for granted, but I think that right now many things are being taken for granted mainly at the national level. I think that the people ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Regular Exercise With Exercise Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesimproved vigour, and it may offer long-term benefits as well. # Gain More Energy. As you exercise regularly, your entire body becomes more efficient. Your heart begins to pump more blood with each beat and to beat fewer times each minute. Your body develops the ability to make more oxygen available to your cells. That means more energy - greater productivity, more stamina, and less fatigue. # Feel Good. Exercise makes you feel good, both physically and mentally. 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The Different Motivational Theories Free Essays

This model, namely expectancy theory, suggests that individuals, acting through self-interest, adopt courses of action perceived as maximizing the probability of desirable outcomes for themselves. This desire to maximize self-interest provides aspiring leaders with unique opportunities to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting both follower needs and organizational requirements. We intend to explicitly link expectancy theory and leadership concepts to demonstrate that leader interactions with followers permit the establishment of highly motivational working environments. We will write a custom essay sample on The Different Motivational Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now In so doing, individuals acquire the means to transcend their traditional roles of supervisor, manager, or follower, and realize their potentials as leaders. In order to remain competitive at home or within the global market, we must stop relegating in our minds the functions of leadership to the office of the president or CEO of the organization. Instead, we must come to view the leadership role as part of every employee’s job, at all levels of the organization. (Isaac, Zerbe Pitt, 2001, p. 212) Since its origins in the 1960s Equity Theory held forth the promise of helping to explain how employees respond to situations in which they perceive they are being rewarded more or less favorably in comparison to a referent doing similar work. Shortly after its inception, Weick (1966) deemed it to be one of the most useful existing organizational behavior theories. Subsequent reviews concluded that the empirical evidence supporting Equity Theory was generally strong, especially with regards to how workers respond to under-reward situations. Equity Theory proposed that subjects respond to under-reward situations in various ways in an attempt to bring their equity ratio back into balance. For example, subjects may choose a behavioral response to help reduce their feelings of inequity. They may respond in such ways as reducing their inputs (i. e. , not put forth as much effort) or increasing their outcomes (i. e. , ask for a raise). Subjects may instead use a cognitive response to reduce feelings of inequity such as selecting another person to use as their referent. Ultimately the subject may choose to exit the situation by deciding to transfer or quit the organization. Allen White, 2002) Although previous Equity Theory research has concluded that under-rewarded subjects generally respond in a manner that is consistent with classic Equity Theory, it is not easy to predict which option they will select to bring their equity ratio into balance. This lack of specificity regarding what responses individuals experiencing inequity are likely to have is a serious shortcoming of the original Equity Theory. As such, the original Equity Theory eventually fell out of favor due in part to this inability to predict exactly how individuals would respond to an under-reward situation (e. . , lower their inputs, attempt to raise their outcomes, cognitively justifying the situation, decide to leave the organization). This lack of predictive ability of Equity Theory makes it much less useful to practitioners such as managers and human resource professionals who would greatly benefit if they could accurately predict the reactions that their employees would have to different inequitable situations. Accordingly, research on the topic of Equity Theory moved off in another direction. Inspired by legal research, the procedural justice stream of research began to focus more on the processes and procedures of how pay and recognition are determined, rather than the reactions that individuals have to them. Equity Theory research became less popular and eventually withered away. (Allen White, 2002) While changing organizational culture is not an easy process, it can be accomplished by emphasizing a commitment to the individual employee. Despite the literature’s heavy emphasis on the private sector, many of the elements of Theory Z can be found in public organizations. This article describes one city’s effort to change culture by emphasizing fair treatment of organizational members, employee involvement, two-way communication, employees’ personal development and recognition and camaraderie. During the past decade, organizations in the American society have faced great uncertainty. The challenge of meeting the increasing competition of the Japanese and Western Europeans in the international marketplace, massive reordering of corporations through leveraged acquisitions and consolidations, and rapidly changing technology have impacted organizational life in the private sector. Public sector organizations have faced the effects of the new federalism, the Tax Reform Act of 1986, taxpayer revolts, and numerous other events and actions which have caused disruption. These demands on American organizations, especially those coming from foreign competition, have forced leaders to question their management abilities and their organizations’ commitment to excel. As part of this introspection, an examination of the underlying values, beliefs, and attitudes of organizations has been undertaken, especially in the popular, non-academic literature (Watson Burkhalter, 1992) Job Design for service employees has been categorized as a â€Å"production line† approach or an â€Å"empowerment† approach (Bowen Lawler, 1992). The production line approach, as its name implies, is based on a Tayloristic view. It is based on four tenets — simple tasks, clear division of labor, substitution of equipment and systems for employees, and little decision-making discretion of employees. This design seeks to gain customer satisfaction through efficiency, consistency, and low costs. It is imperative with the production line job design that IT is installed as a part of that design so as to facilitate matching it to the service encounters anticipated. The number and nature of the options from which the employee chooses should then be limited to matching the constraints on their decision-making authority. Any access to additional information would not only be of no use; it would actually deter efficiency. For example, if all hamburgers are prepared to the same degree of doneness, giving a customer encounter person the option of asking a customer how he/she would like the meat cooked would slow down the process. In fast food, cash registers (which also communicate orders to the backroom) prompt order-takers through the decisions that are allowable. Thus, the more standardized the service the more easily circumscribed technologically it can be(5) because the reality of the encounter is simple and presumed to be more easily captured than encounters in which provided services are customized and the outcome of any one such encounter is variable. The more circumscribed technologically the service is, the more efficiently the service can be performed but the more dependent upon the circumscribing technology customer encounter service personnel become. Mechling Little, 2000, p. 65) The Two-factor Theory, or Motivation and Hygiene Theory, purports to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the job. The authors referred to the intrinsic factors as content or motivators, and they include: achievement, advancement, the work itself, responsibility, and recognition. The extrinsic factors were referred to as hygiene has and included: company policy and administration, technical supervision, working conditions, salary, and interpersonal supervision. (Maidani, 1991) the applicability of Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory of job Satisfaction among public and private sector employees. The study, therefore was designed to investigate the job content (motivators or intrinsic) and job context (hygiene or extrinsic) factors contributing to job satisfaction among those employees. Furthermore, the study attempted to determine whether using this instrument would yield the same results as those of Herzberg et al. (1959) using the critical incidents techniques. Hypothesis 1 was supported. Significant differences were found due to the fact that the satisfied group values motivator significantly more than the dissatisfied group. A t-value of 1. 98 indicated that a significant difference existed between the two groups. Hypothesis 2 was not supported. No significant differences were found between the satisfied and dissatisfied employees relating to value placed on hygiene factors. Hypothesis 3 was not supported as no significant differences were found between private and public sector employees on the value placed on motivator factors. (Maidani, 1991) The expectancy theory – formulated by Edward C Tolman in the 1930s – (whereby behavior rests on the instinctive tendency for individuals to balance the value of expected benefits against the expenditure of energy) falls into the same ‘stimulus-response’ approach to motivation. It demonstrates that an individual’s strength of motivation can be affected by the expectations of outcomes from certain actions and further strengthened by the individuals preferred outcome, as demonstrated by Victor H. Vroom in the 1960s. Individuals are consciously self-interested in the outcomes of their actions. For example, a worker may put in extra time and effort to a project and expect to be paid more money. That is his desired reward and what he expects. If he does not receive, what he expects his motivational level will fall dramatically. Elton Mayo, in the Hawthorne experiments concluded that individuals adjusted their motivational levels to fit in with the group. The individual values the approval and acceptance of others and will conform to the groups motivational standards in order to ‘fit in’. One important point about expectancy theory is that individual perceptions can be very different, and the motivation and behavior of individuals will vary considerably. It pays, therefore, in external stimuli to bear in mind that: 1. he routes to desired outcomes for individuals and teams are clear; and 2. individuals perceive the rewards or punishments in different ways according to their own values. There is a great need to treat people as individuals but as the 50:50 rule also indicates, other motivational factors should always be set in the context of the individual’s managed environment. Leaders have a vital role to play in creating a motivational environment in which their team members can excel by in turn using the motivation within themselves. To be able to do this, we as leaders need to begin by looking at ourselves and getting our contribution right before we can criticize others. (Thomas, 2004, p. 61) Process models are based on the important insight that responses to (persuasive) messages do not only take the form of controlled, capacity-intensive cognitive processes, or only the form of simple automatic processes involving little working memory. Message processing may be dominated by either form, or it may blend the two, depending on our ability and motivation to think about the substance of a message. Affective processes appear to (a) influence levels of motivation and ability to process in a thoughtful manner, (b) guide the retrieval of information from memory, and (c) provide cues to simple responses (Babrow, 1993, p. 111) Dialectical perspectives on communication also embody multiple- process theory. Of course, dialectical analyses of one sort or another have been discussed for centuries (see Adler, 1952). As numerous dialectical thinkers have pointed out, however, several themes are consistent in these writings; these themes exemplify some of the most desirable potentialities of multiple- process theory. The most elemental theme in dialectical thinking is that of opposition; â€Å"dialectic either begins or ends with some sort of intellectual conflict, or develops and resolves around such oppositions† ( Adler, 1952 , p. 350). Dialectical opposites are â€Å"mutually conditioning† (the occurrence, existence, or meaning of one pole is conditioned by its opposite) and at the same time â€Å"mutually excluding† . For instance, sound presupposes but also excludes silence, and so too for amity and enmity, motion and stillness. (Babrow, 1993, p. 15) All of these theories thrive on the perception of the individual working to better themselves in some way. They differ in their methods, some look at how the individual will work for recognition, advancement, or just for encouragement. All of these methods are effective means of making individuals and groups work more efficiently. However, it is important to point out that each method does not work for the same situation. One must be able to differentiate between the theories in order to determine the best means. How to cite The Different Motivational Theories, Essay examples

Deviance Irresponsible Parenting free essay sample

Short Article Analysis: Irresponsible Parenting The most important relationship for all beings is that with their parents. Through this relationship, a child receives love, support, and learn important values, their ethics, morals and methods of handling life. Unfortunately, many parents do not understand the importance of this parent-child relationship. Many parents do not realize that most of society’s problems stem mostly from what we learn when we were young and also what our children are learning from us in their developmental years.Most parents do not realize that their inability to commit to good parenting techniques causes serious detriment to the lives and well being of their children. Irresponsible parents practice multiple forms of abuse and neglect, including abandonment, physical and emotional abuse and /or neglect. The first research article addressed kids being left alone in parks. I was interested in the deviance of that situation and also the deviance of other parents sometimes turning a blind eye to that child’s danger. We will write a custom essay sample on Deviance: Irresponsible Parenting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ABC News conducted an experiment by playing out scenarios in parks with children left alone to see what other parents reaction would be. Schneider (a parent) then motioned toward another observer. If you dont leave this girl alone, I am going to ask this gentleman to call the police, she said to Kevin (ABC actor). At that moment ABC News producers intervened to explain that the situation had been part of an ethical dilemma scenario constructed by What Would You Do? Schneider explained that she had to get involved, A little child by themselves . .. you have to protect them. Over the course of our two-day experiment, three people out of 14 let the strangers walk off with little Katie. Those who intervened said they were concerned for and protective of the child, and that it was necessary for people to look out for one another (Levit, Mills 2009). The second article I found relevant spoke about co-parenting with an irresponsible parent. If the other parent fails to meet the basic needs or is neglectful, do not allow your child to suffer. Keep a journal documenting the details and attempt to discuss the effects this has on your child with the other parent.If this is unsuccessful your notes will be helpful should family court intervention become necessary (Unknown 2011). The most interesting EBSCOhost article I came across gave me information and insight on the problem of school absenteeism while debating the issue of irresponsible parents in terms of parental responsibility. Using the data collected from 150 Local Education Authorities and a survey among Education Welfare managers, the research study reported in this paper measures the association between authorities readiness to issue penalty notices and the change made in pupils absence rates between 2004 and 2006.Presenting the findings of the research study, the author argues that truancy is a complex social and historical issue and that poor parenting is itself a symptom of several underlying social problems and the circle of disadvantage (Zang 2007) . I chose these articles because my course topic choice was based on me finding out how many parents do simple things like run to the bathroom really quick while their child is having a great time on the swing or ignore the second letter home that their high school kid had absences from school.I conclude that this kind of behavior is highly irresponsible and deviant and often leads to extreme endangerment for the child . At the same time society also does not benefit from adults who were abused and neglected, these dysfunctional young adults also represent a different form of deviance within society as their sometimes poor criminal or immoral choices and reactions to the way they were brought up are acted out.