Biltrite case Module I through X Essay

Module III: Control Testing †Sales Processing 1.The inspecting plan in the structure of controls doesn't give tests about incomes and records receivables. The shortcoming that I could see is the way that products that were conveyed to clients were not charged which bring about bill of filling not being pre-numbered. Along these lines, bills of replenishing don't consider a successful inspecting unit. For a fruitful review, evaluators need to assess arranges arbitrarily and verify whether the merchandise were delivered and the clients got solicitations before the receipt of the item, Therefore for this situation, presence/event is the strategy for the inspectors. 2 and 3 are appended under â€Å"2009 attribu† 4. The examining plan shows that there is a viable control of the organization by the individuals in control since the cost of the items, the amount of the balance and as far as possible offered to clients are not over the confinement. Anyway the bills of ladings that were missing keep the examiners incredulous and make them search further for material data. Additionally, the other thing that looks dubious is the expanded profit appeared. The explanatory methods and quality testing performed will the inspectors to glance further in respects of the deals recorded during the year, the client adjusted and the records receivable. In this way, I accept that total materiality edge shouldn’t be brought down since the two records receivable and deals tests show earning’s expansion. Module IV: MUS Sampling-Factory Equipment Additions 1. The goal of playing out this test is to test if the industrial facility gear accounts are physically exaggerated from the blunders found in the capitalization of customary fixes. The testing unit is the charge presenting on the production line gear account and the populace is $12,600,000 which is the contrast between the all out charges of $89,860,000 and the hardware increases of $77,260,000 2. Find exceed expectations report â€Å"2009 MUS† for answers 3. In setting these boundaries, Derick concentrated on his evaluation of inborn hazard and control in respects of the obtaining cycle and the degree of theâ overall review chance. To clarify the boundaries further, in light of the fact that the danger of off base acknowledgment is 5% percent, this implies Derick is 95% secure with the outcomes that he will get just 5% percent of blunders in the populace. Foreseen blunders of $100,000 is generally founded on past year’s review and the $640,000 of average misquote are mistakes Derick think exists in the populace in respects of the plant hardware account. 4. Find exceed expectations report â€Å"2009 MUS† for the estimation of the Projected misquote computation 11.3B a.â€Å"Tainting percentage† show up on a section when the book estimation of a unit is not exactly the testing time period. What's more, its motivation is to build up an anticipated blunder for all the examining stretch. 5. Furthermore, 6 can be found in the exceed expectations record â€Å"2009 MUS† for WP 11.3 C 7. a. Essential exactness is the measure of vulnerability related with testing just a piece of the populace and it is determined by duplicating the inspecting stretch by the certainty factor to quantify examining mistakes. b. Steady recompense for examining mistake increments when there is an expansion in the inspecting blunder. c. Remittance for inspecting hazard is a figure utilized arranging factual examples to continue examining hazard at the ideal level. d. Upper misquote limit is dictated by including the error (fundamental exactness) and gradual stipend for examining mistake. It quantifies the most extreme exaggeration at the 95% certainty level set. 8. The testing results don't bolster Derick’s concerns with respect to conceivable material error since the aftereffect of the upper misquote limit is $3,720,833 which is more than the average misquote of $640,000. Additionally the extent of the anticipated mistake is 85% which is determined by isolating $2,503,060 by $2,936,338. These mistakes ought to bring the populace inside the limits of acknowledgment. As I would see it this blunder speak to the modification important that speak to the $12,600,000 populace of processing plant gear. Module V: Accounts Receivable Aging Analysis 1. a.The extent of the complete dollar sum receivable I remembered for the affirmation demand is in â€Å"Account Receivable Aging Analysis† by jumping the aggregate sum that is collectible â€Å"C† by the aggregate sum of deals. The outcome is 82% ($9,803,430/$11,920,028) of the all out dollar balance in records of sales. b.In the occasion of no answer to a solicitation for positiveâ confirmation, as an evaluator I have to request further asks for, contact the supervisor and solicit him to take a few to get back some composure from the client. If there should arise an occurrence of no reaction from the client, I ought to look at the report I have close by, for example, deals orders, deals solicitations, transporting requests, and bills of replenishing. c.The motivation behind dissecting ensuing assortments since it an approach to check and ensure that the presence of the activity occurred. Additionally checking resulting assortments permits the reviewers to check the amp leness of the remittance for uncollectible records. This causes the reviewer to more readily ascertain the sum that is uncollectible from clients 2.I am not fulfilled that I have adequate proof to assess the presence and valuation attestation since I wasn’t ready to take a few to get back some composure of certain clients. Because of this burden as evaluators we ought to be dubious about if those deals do in truth exist. Likewise, in wording valuation, extra review should be performed in light of the fact that from the affirmed sum owed, it isn't sure in the event that it will be gathered. 3.Reclassification passage can be found in exceed expectations report â€Å"2009 ar†. 4.A. So as to fulfill the record receivable discounts, I would need to look at correspondence to and from clients, legitimate direction and assortment organizations including the attitude of sum that were expected previously. b. The review change is $340,000 which offer the leniency equalization to be $560,000 which I believe is sufficient as modification. c. See joined exceed expectations archive â€Å"2009† ar. 5. The full archive â€Å"2009 ar† is connected with the case. Module VI: Sales and Purchases Cutoff Tests 1. Stock cut off blunders: a. Vouchers 12458 and 12459 was gotten in 2009 as stock however not recorded in the books until one year from now, 2010. Which brought about exaggeration of $854,154 as impact on total compensation b. Crude material stock that was in travel. This activity doesn't influence net gain since it was exluded c. Deals 33003, 33004, 33006, 33007, and 33009 were acted in 2010 yet they were accounted for in 2009 which brought about exaggeration of $3,760,330 in overall gain. I feel that the misquote recorded above have all the earmarks of being purposeful so as to exaggerate net gain and make it look higher that its worth. This training is one of the procuring expansion gadgets that can be utilized to exaggerate overall gain. 2.See exceed expectations record â€Å"2009 cutoff† for auditâ adjustments. Module VII: Search for unrecorded Liabilities 1.Comment on the sufficiency for the methods performed: Lucas had the option to check if there was extra solicitations that were gotten and recorded. He additionally checked if the organization he is examining remembered these charges for year-end changes for liabilities that are not recorded. Then again she didn't check if solicitations got in 2010 ought to be recorded in 2009 and in this way material to the 2009 review and in the event that they were a piece of year-end modification for that year. The exact opposite thing that Lucas need to check is the liabilities from the past, 2008 and to check whether they apply to check whether they should be considered for 2009. 2.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in exceed expectations record â€Å"2009 Liab†. 3.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in exceed expectations archive â€Å"2009 Liab†. Module VIII: Dallas Dollar bank Reconciliation 1. The â€Å"Bank Reconciliation-Dallas Dolalr Bank† doesn't accommodate for December for the most part in light of the fact that the general record balance is not exactly the balanced parity (Audit alteration number 7). The sum that contrast between the two adjusts is $9,000. A portion of the causes in the event of non-compromise are: †There may have been a mistake performed by the bank at the hour of recording the store or check. †There may have been a blunder when the bank recorded the money receipt of the activity. 2. After I have made the rectification, the record accommodates. The alteration is made in WP.1 in exceed expectations report â€Å"2009 Bank†. 3 and 4 : See exceed expectations archive â€Å"2009 Bank part WP.1.B 5. The cutoff proclamation got straightforwardly from the bank bolster the presence, fulfillment and valuation destinations. This announcement gives an evaluator fulfillment with respect to the measure of money receipt toward the year's end and in the event that they were recorded at the opportune time. In the event that the cutoff proclamation secured the period 1/1/10 through 1/21/10 and the store in travel was credit in 1/12/10, as an examiner I ought to be worried that a customer was keeping money receipts records open after the year's end time frame and could have recorded 2010 money receipts in 2009. To ease my interests, I ought to apply settlement advices, money postings so as to have the option to checkâ the money receipt toward the year's end that compensate for the store in travel. Module IX: Analysis of Interbank Transfers 1. A. The reason for breaking down between bank moves for a brief period when the monetary record due in to check if there are any money cutoff blunders. B and C. the check 127332 indicating $3,000,000 got from Lawton was in reality an interbank move from Bank Two to Dollar Bank. The Biltrite Company is infringing upon one of the prohibitive pledges in the Bank Two understanding in such a case that the exchange was recorded accurately, it would show that the equalization was underneath $10,000,000 repaying balance. 2

Emma by Jane Austen Research Paper Example

Emma by Jane Austen Paper Cultural Affects of Love Emma, by Jane Austen, is an exemplary parody that occurred in the nineteenth-century close to London, England. Emma tells the story of a courageous woman endeavoring to be simply the intermediary for everybody, and at last. Emma Woodhouse, the principle character, loses her dear companion and tutor, Miss Taylor, to Miss Taylor’s marriage, in which she becomes Mrs. Weston. Emma, looking for another appreciated buddy, goes over Harriet Smith. Despite the fact that Harriet originates from a lower class in the public eye, Emma appreciates her magnificence and willingly volunteers to improve Harriet so as to make her adequate to the high society. For example, Mr. Martin, a nearby rancher, appears to have become hopelessly enamored with Harriet, yet Emma recommends that she dismiss him since she trusts Harriet can possibly get a man who is high in the public arena. Harriet consents, and Emma proceeds to suggest Mr. Elton, a minister, whom she accepts is an ideal counterpart for Harriet. However, later on Emma acknowledges Mr. Elton has in actuality begun to look all starry eyed at her, as opposed to Harriet, making her inquiry her matchmaking aptitudes. After a time of nonattendance from matchmaking, Mrs. Weston’s stepson, Frank Churchill, drops by the neighborhood and Emma succumbs to him. Harriet approaches Emma with the presentation that she has become hopelessly enamored with another man, anyway Emma demands that Harriet hush up about the name due to Emma’s dread of destroying a potential friendship on account of her absence of ability of matchmaking. Emma fears that Harriet is infatuated with Frank, so she denies her own affections for him so as to assist Harriet’s chances at acquiring a man of higher class. We will compose a custom exposition test on Emma by Jane Austen explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Emma by Jane Austen explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Emma by Jane Austen explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Notwithstanding, Emma finds that Frank is as of now drew in to Jane Fairfax and unveils this data to Harriet. When Harriet is educated regarding this, she appears to be impartial, demonstrating she was in reality not in affection with Frank, but instead succumbed to Mr. Gallant. When this data is revealed, Emma then acknowledges she is infatuated with Mr. Knightley too and he conveys similar affections for her. As one peruses the story, it is effectively presumed that social positioning is the obvious wellspring of the choices being made. Waldron says: Everybody aside from Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill is up to speed in a perplexing snare of social assumptions†¦ which makes an amusing blend of misconception and goof, with the goal that no one is seeing precisely what is there, or hearing precisely what is being said. (141) Throughout the story, one can see that societal position and class influence the adoration for the characters, yet additionally, to a sense, decide their lives. Being viewed as high in the public eye, Emma Woodhouse wants to just be related with those of the privileged. This discloses her craving to change Harriet when she meets her since she sees the potential Harriet has despite the fact that she is of the lower class. The storyteller lets us know: Harriet Smith was the regular little girl of someone. Someone had set her, quite a long while back, at Mrs. Goddard’s school, and someone had of late raised her from the state of researcher to that of parlor boarder†¦ She was a pretty young lady, and her magnificence happened to be of a sort which Emma especially respected. She was short, stout, and reasonable, with a fine sprout, blue eyes, light hair, standard highlights, and a look of incredible pleasantness; and, before the finish of the night, Emma was as much satisfied with her habits as her individual, and very resolved to proceed with the colleague. (22) Emma related with the lower class yet ensured that everybody knew there was a contrast among her and them. She would not like to demolish her notoriety by being seen with individuals underneath her. Miss Emma Woodhouse likes the sentiment of helping individuals who are lower than her; hence, that is the main time she blends in with the lower class. After Emma’s time went through with Harriet, Emma thinks she has brought Harriet up in the public arena. At the point when Mr. Robert Martin, a rancher, experiences passionate feelings for Harriet, he proposes. Emma doesn't care for this and is an exceptionally manipulative young lady. Eugene Goodheart states, â€Å"Emma is hardheaded, manipulative, an arranger or rather a misarranger of different people groups lives† (589). Emma, being the manipulative young lady she is, doesn’t straightforwardly advise Harriet to dismiss his proposition however implies that she doesn’t need to acknowledge him since she could improve. Emma didn’t even truly know Mr. Martin. All she knew was that he was a rancher and ranchers were viewed as the low class, so she simply let her convictions about class positioning cow her supposition to decrease Mr. Martin. Miss Woodhouse then offers with Harriet that on the off chance that she had acknowledged his proposition, at that point they could never again be companions since she would be down lower on the social class positioning. Emma says: Perfectly, splendidly right, my dearest Harriet; you are doing exactly what you should. While you were at all in tension, I hushed up about my emotions, yet since you are so totally chose, I have no wavering in favoring. Dear Harriet, I give yself delight of this. It would have lamented me to lose your associate, which probably been the outcome of your wedding Mr. Martin. (52-53) After declining Mr. Martin’s proposition, Miss Woodhouse and Mr. Knightley get into a contention since Mr. Knightley sees that Harriet is really lower in class than Mr. Martin, while Emma oppos es this idea. Mr. Knightley states, â€Å"Nonsense! Harriet Smith deny Robert Martin! Franticness, in the event that it is so; yet I trust you are mistaken† (60). Emma feels that since she is a companion of Harriet, she can't in any way, shape or form be that low in class in light of the fact that Emma doesn’t partner with the lower class. When Harriet needs to restore a visit from Mr. Martin’s sister, Elizabeth, Emma advises her to make it brief since she can't stoop down to their level in class. This demonstration affronts the Martins in light of the fact that Harriet had remained with them for a few months and they figure the least she can do is remain and visit. I concur with Julia Brown in that, â€Å"Her most prominent sin in the novel is slicing off Harriets warm connection to the Martins; as Lionel Trilling has stated, she is a reactionary, out to stop social mobility† (Brown). Emma believes that on the off chance that you are high in the public arena, at that point you have to connect with the higher classmen and on the off chance that you are lower, just partner with lower classmen. Another occurrence where class positioning commands is when Emma needs Harriet to wed Mr. Elton. She thinks he is enamored with her in view of all the little motions she takes note. Earthy colored composes, â€Å"As consistently in Jane Austen, the littlest detail of conduct can legitimize the most conclusive judgment† (Brown). For instance, Emma is painting a picture of Harriet and Mr. Elton watches her the entire time and offers to go get it confined in London when she is finished. Goodheart thinks: Emma overlooks both the fickle disaffinity and the social separation between themâ€and all the more heinously she misconstrues the wants of Mr. Elton. He is a vicar from a decent family with social desire; Harriet†¦ entirely in bondage to Emmas matchmaking plots. (589-590) Mr. Elton doesn’t need to wed Harriet in light of the fact that she is low in the public arena and he doesn’t need to debase himself by wedding her. Mr. Elton discloses to Emma: Miss Smith! I never thought of Miss Smith in the entire course of my reality; never paid her any considerations, however as your companion; never minded whether she were in any condition, yet as your companion. On the off chance that she has liked something else, her own desires have deluded her, and I am exceptionally heartbroken, very sorry†¦ Oh, Miss Woodhouse, who can consider Miss Smith when Miss Woodhouse is close? I have just idea of you†¦ Everything that I have said or done, for a long time past, has been with the sole perspective on denoting my veneration of yourself. (132) When Emma discovers that Mr. Elton cherishes her and not Harriet, she accepts that Mr. Elton just loves her since he feels that she can help raise him in the public eye: â€Å"She [Emma] barely cared about his connection, and was offended by his expectations. He needed to wed well and, having the pomposity to raise his eyes to her, claimed to be infatuated; yet she was impeccably simple with respect to his not enduring any mistake that need be minded for† (136). When Emma understands this, she is upset. She doesn't see this, yet she is doing precisely the same thing. Her class positioning status consistently drives her into her choice or practices. Afterward, Emma recovers data that Mr. Elton had hitched a lady that increased his general public positioning. He wedded Miss Augusta Hawkins. She is viewed as an opportunist; somebody who has cash and riches, however not so much the stuff to be viewed as high in the public eye. She thinks cash alone makes you higher positioned, which disturbs Emma. We likewise observe later on in the book how Emma thinks about The Coles as opportunists as well. They have as of late become wealthier and are attempting to act like they are high-class individuals since they have more cash. Emma doesn’t like this by any means. To Emma, everybody winds up tragic, baffled, and forlorn when they attempt to exceed expectations their social class positioning. Later on in Emma, after Miss Woodhouse abandons attempting to locate the ideal counterpart for Harriet, she discovers that Harriet is currently keen on Mr. Knightley: â€Å"I never ought to have attempted to consider it from the outset, however for you. You advised me to watch him cautiously, and let his conduct be the standard of mineâ€and so I have. However, presently I appear to feel that I may merit him;

Sunday in Downtown Urbana

Sunday in Downtown Urbana Q: What’s the best part about going to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign? A: We get two downtowns!! Today, after hearing so much about it, I finally made the trip to downtown Urbana. It seemed pretty quiet and small in comparison to downtown Champaign, but it has plenty of its own charm. Some highlights: Flying Machine Coffee: I’m currently writing from this very spotâ€"it’s the perfect place to meet with friends or be productive. In addition to coffee, they also serve all sorts of delicious pizzas (I might just order one and write a post about it later.) My Iced Americano Coffee See You CD Vinyl: If you’re on the hunt for some new tunes, look no further! This is the cutest little record storeâ€"I was so tempted to pick something up, but I guess Id have to buy  a record player first… Priceless Books: We stopped at this used bookstore and almost got lost in the maze of shelves (in a good way!) One could easily kill a few hours browsing their collection. A view of the book stacks Farmer’s Market: From May through November, you can check out the Farmer’s Market on Saturday, open 7AM-12PM. I try to go downtown as frequently as possible over weekendsâ€"it’s nice to leave campus and switch things up a bit. If you’re visiting campus soon, I’d definitely recommend checking out both downtown Urbana, as well as downtown Champaign ?? Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

Reflection Paper On The United States Health Care System

REFLECTION PAPER As an international student, this complete semester is a great learning experience for me. Various things I have learned in this four month period such as education system in the USA, learning and teaching culture in GVSU, last but not least United States health care system. Before enrolling for this course, I thought I would assimilate what makes USA healthcare system one of the best in the world. To my surprise, I learn more about why it is struggling in some aspects and how can we improve. Both India and USA attempting to fortify their health care system and approaching towards universal health coverage plan. Working as a medical professional back in my country permitted me to comprehend this entire semester by comparing healthcare back in my country and the USA. The thing which excites me more is to see the other side of the health sector, functioning as a dental practitioner never gave me such an open door in past. Learning this course really matters because things are working o utside the doctor’s cabin are really very intricate and to run a healthcare setup effectively is extremely challenging and need an extensive knowledge and skills and everybody need to perform their respective roles. Albeit everything is new for me initially however the thing which I felt new is the way to manage this diverse class by forming a group on first day whose each member is different than other, by perfectly united them as per their reasoningShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Systems : The Uk, Canada, And The United States906 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to compare health care systems in three western industrialized democratic societies: The UK, Canada, and the United States. Each nation’s health care system is a reflection of it’s history, politics, economy, and national values (Reid, 2009). Although there are local varations of health care systems, they all tend to follow the same general pattern. 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The Importance Of Exercise - 778 Words

At the beginning of the semester, when we did the â€Å"tech-free 15 minutes†, I learned that I was very dependent on my phone. I was forced to be a day without it and I felt anxiety. When I tried this again, I made sure that nothing would distract me. I deleted all the social media apps on my phone to assure that I would not feel the need to check up on them. Furthermore, I also put my phone on silent in order to make sure that I would not get distracted by text messages. In order to further have a distraction free â€Å"30 minutes† I locked myself in my room and just laid in my bed. I did nothing, except stare at the ceiling and contemplate life. During one of my weekly staff meetings, I learned that the best way to free your mind from†¦show more content†¦As a Hispanic woman, this day drastically impacted me. I have always liked politics and have kept up with many of the decisions that have the ability to impact us as a population. However, ever since electi on day politics have changed a lot of aspects in life that I did not expect them too. One of the biggest shift that I have notice occur is the fact that Twitter has become a widely known, and controversial, platform. Twitter has been around for a long time now, but in the past 6 years that I have had one, I do not think I have ever heard as much talk of it as I do now. It has also not been very common for a president to speak to the public via twitter. Now, however, it seems very normal for the president of the United States to address the people through 180 characters. A year ago I would never have predicted that our internet usage could possibly be limited through policies. I never would have predicted that some of my loved ones would be losing their DACA. I would not have considered it normal for a president to publicly side with white supremacists. Most importantly, I did not expect a feeling of nervousness and anger to captivate the people of America. I think that as people pro cess everything that occurs in society, these feelings become more and more normal. I think many things are taken for granted, but I think that right now many things are being taken for granted mainly at the national level. I think that the people ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Regular Exercise With Exercise Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesimproved vigour, and it may offer long-term benefits as well. # Gain More Energy. As you exercise regularly, your entire body becomes more efficient. Your heart begins to pump more blood with each beat and to beat fewer times each minute. Your body develops the ability to make more oxygen available to your cells. That means more energy - greater productivity, more stamina, and less fatigue. # Feel Good. Exercise makes you feel good, both physically and mentally. 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Their focus is usually on what type of workout they will be doing that day, who will be their workout partner, or how much time they are going to spend in the gym. An important company has changed the mindset of many athletic-orientated people from a focus on the type of workout to the health benefits and life-style changes of working out and the apparel one shouldRead MoreThe Importance of Exercise for Cancer Prevention and Recurrence600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Exercise for Cancer Prevention and Recurrence Cancer is known as one the prevalent diseases in the world today. Every year millions of people are afflicted by this disease. Cancer is a class of diseases wherein cells grow out of control. There may have been no proven way to completely prevent cancer but there are steps that can lower your risk or keep it from recurring. Eating a healthy diet is always on the top of the list when it comes to cancer prevention. 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The Different Motivational Theories Free Essays

This model, namely expectancy theory, suggests that individuals, acting through self-interest, adopt courses of action perceived as maximizing the probability of desirable outcomes for themselves. This desire to maximize self-interest provides aspiring leaders with unique opportunities to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting both follower needs and organizational requirements. We intend to explicitly link expectancy theory and leadership concepts to demonstrate that leader interactions with followers permit the establishment of highly motivational working environments. We will write a custom essay sample on The Different Motivational Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now In so doing, individuals acquire the means to transcend their traditional roles of supervisor, manager, or follower, and realize their potentials as leaders. In order to remain competitive at home or within the global market, we must stop relegating in our minds the functions of leadership to the office of the president or CEO of the organization. Instead, we must come to view the leadership role as part of every employee’s job, at all levels of the organization. (Isaac, Zerbe Pitt, 2001, p. 212) Since its origins in the 1960s Equity Theory held forth the promise of helping to explain how employees respond to situations in which they perceive they are being rewarded more or less favorably in comparison to a referent doing similar work. Shortly after its inception, Weick (1966) deemed it to be one of the most useful existing organizational behavior theories. Subsequent reviews concluded that the empirical evidence supporting Equity Theory was generally strong, especially with regards to how workers respond to under-reward situations. Equity Theory proposed that subjects respond to under-reward situations in various ways in an attempt to bring their equity ratio back into balance. For example, subjects may choose a behavioral response to help reduce their feelings of inequity. They may respond in such ways as reducing their inputs (i. e. , not put forth as much effort) or increasing their outcomes (i. e. , ask for a raise). Subjects may instead use a cognitive response to reduce feelings of inequity such as selecting another person to use as their referent. Ultimately the subject may choose to exit the situation by deciding to transfer or quit the organization. Allen White, 2002) Although previous Equity Theory research has concluded that under-rewarded subjects generally respond in a manner that is consistent with classic Equity Theory, it is not easy to predict which option they will select to bring their equity ratio into balance. This lack of specificity regarding what responses individuals experiencing inequity are likely to have is a serious shortcoming of the original Equity Theory. As such, the original Equity Theory eventually fell out of favor due in part to this inability to predict exactly how individuals would respond to an under-reward situation (e. . , lower their inputs, attempt to raise their outcomes, cognitively justifying the situation, decide to leave the organization). This lack of predictive ability of Equity Theory makes it much less useful to practitioners such as managers and human resource professionals who would greatly benefit if they could accurately predict the reactions that their employees would have to different inequitable situations. Accordingly, research on the topic of Equity Theory moved off in another direction. Inspired by legal research, the procedural justice stream of research began to focus more on the processes and procedures of how pay and recognition are determined, rather than the reactions that individuals have to them. Equity Theory research became less popular and eventually withered away. (Allen White, 2002) While changing organizational culture is not an easy process, it can be accomplished by emphasizing a commitment to the individual employee. Despite the literature’s heavy emphasis on the private sector, many of the elements of Theory Z can be found in public organizations. This article describes one city’s effort to change culture by emphasizing fair treatment of organizational members, employee involvement, two-way communication, employees’ personal development and recognition and camaraderie. During the past decade, organizations in the American society have faced great uncertainty. The challenge of meeting the increasing competition of the Japanese and Western Europeans in the international marketplace, massive reordering of corporations through leveraged acquisitions and consolidations, and rapidly changing technology have impacted organizational life in the private sector. Public sector organizations have faced the effects of the new federalism, the Tax Reform Act of 1986, taxpayer revolts, and numerous other events and actions which have caused disruption. These demands on American organizations, especially those coming from foreign competition, have forced leaders to question their management abilities and their organizations’ commitment to excel. As part of this introspection, an examination of the underlying values, beliefs, and attitudes of organizations has been undertaken, especially in the popular, non-academic literature (Watson Burkhalter, 1992) Job Design for service employees has been categorized as a â€Å"production line† approach or an â€Å"empowerment† approach (Bowen Lawler, 1992). The production line approach, as its name implies, is based on a Tayloristic view. It is based on four tenets — simple tasks, clear division of labor, substitution of equipment and systems for employees, and little decision-making discretion of employees. This design seeks to gain customer satisfaction through efficiency, consistency, and low costs. It is imperative with the production line job design that IT is installed as a part of that design so as to facilitate matching it to the service encounters anticipated. The number and nature of the options from which the employee chooses should then be limited to matching the constraints on their decision-making authority. Any access to additional information would not only be of no use; it would actually deter efficiency. For example, if all hamburgers are prepared to the same degree of doneness, giving a customer encounter person the option of asking a customer how he/she would like the meat cooked would slow down the process. In fast food, cash registers (which also communicate orders to the backroom) prompt order-takers through the decisions that are allowable. Thus, the more standardized the service the more easily circumscribed technologically it can be(5) because the reality of the encounter is simple and presumed to be more easily captured than encounters in which provided services are customized and the outcome of any one such encounter is variable. The more circumscribed technologically the service is, the more efficiently the service can be performed but the more dependent upon the circumscribing technology customer encounter service personnel become. Mechling Little, 2000, p. 65) The Two-factor Theory, or Motivation and Hygiene Theory, purports to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the job. The authors referred to the intrinsic factors as content or motivators, and they include: achievement, advancement, the work itself, responsibility, and recognition. The extrinsic factors were referred to as hygiene has and included: company policy and administration, technical supervision, working conditions, salary, and interpersonal supervision. (Maidani, 1991) the applicability of Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory of job Satisfaction among public and private sector employees. The study, therefore was designed to investigate the job content (motivators or intrinsic) and job context (hygiene or extrinsic) factors contributing to job satisfaction among those employees. Furthermore, the study attempted to determine whether using this instrument would yield the same results as those of Herzberg et al. (1959) using the critical incidents techniques. Hypothesis 1 was supported. Significant differences were found due to the fact that the satisfied group values motivator significantly more than the dissatisfied group. A t-value of 1. 98 indicated that a significant difference existed between the two groups. Hypothesis 2 was not supported. No significant differences were found between the satisfied and dissatisfied employees relating to value placed on hygiene factors. Hypothesis 3 was not supported as no significant differences were found between private and public sector employees on the value placed on motivator factors. (Maidani, 1991) The expectancy theory – formulated by Edward C Tolman in the 1930s – (whereby behavior rests on the instinctive tendency for individuals to balance the value of expected benefits against the expenditure of energy) falls into the same ‘stimulus-response’ approach to motivation. It demonstrates that an individual’s strength of motivation can be affected by the expectations of outcomes from certain actions and further strengthened by the individuals preferred outcome, as demonstrated by Victor H. Vroom in the 1960s. Individuals are consciously self-interested in the outcomes of their actions. For example, a worker may put in extra time and effort to a project and expect to be paid more money. That is his desired reward and what he expects. If he does not receive, what he expects his motivational level will fall dramatically. Elton Mayo, in the Hawthorne experiments concluded that individuals adjusted their motivational levels to fit in with the group. The individual values the approval and acceptance of others and will conform to the groups motivational standards in order to ‘fit in’. One important point about expectancy theory is that individual perceptions can be very different, and the motivation and behavior of individuals will vary considerably. It pays, therefore, in external stimuli to bear in mind that: 1. he routes to desired outcomes for individuals and teams are clear; and 2. individuals perceive the rewards or punishments in different ways according to their own values. There is a great need to treat people as individuals but as the 50:50 rule also indicates, other motivational factors should always be set in the context of the individual’s managed environment. Leaders have a vital role to play in creating a motivational environment in which their team members can excel by in turn using the motivation within themselves. To be able to do this, we as leaders need to begin by looking at ourselves and getting our contribution right before we can criticize others. (Thomas, 2004, p. 61) Process models are based on the important insight that responses to (persuasive) messages do not only take the form of controlled, capacity-intensive cognitive processes, or only the form of simple automatic processes involving little working memory. Message processing may be dominated by either form, or it may blend the two, depending on our ability and motivation to think about the substance of a message. Affective processes appear to (a) influence levels of motivation and ability to process in a thoughtful manner, (b) guide the retrieval of information from memory, and (c) provide cues to simple responses (Babrow, 1993, p. 111) Dialectical perspectives on communication also embody multiple- process theory. Of course, dialectical analyses of one sort or another have been discussed for centuries (see Adler, 1952). As numerous dialectical thinkers have pointed out, however, several themes are consistent in these writings; these themes exemplify some of the most desirable potentialities of multiple- process theory. The most elemental theme in dialectical thinking is that of opposition; â€Å"dialectic either begins or ends with some sort of intellectual conflict, or develops and resolves around such oppositions† ( Adler, 1952 , p. 350). Dialectical opposites are â€Å"mutually conditioning† (the occurrence, existence, or meaning of one pole is conditioned by its opposite) and at the same time â€Å"mutually excluding† . For instance, sound presupposes but also excludes silence, and so too for amity and enmity, motion and stillness. (Babrow, 1993, p. 15) All of these theories thrive on the perception of the individual working to better themselves in some way. They differ in their methods, some look at how the individual will work for recognition, advancement, or just for encouragement. All of these methods are effective means of making individuals and groups work more efficiently. However, it is important to point out that each method does not work for the same situation. One must be able to differentiate between the theories in order to determine the best means. How to cite The Different Motivational Theories, Essay examples

Deviance Irresponsible Parenting free essay sample

Short Article Analysis: Irresponsible Parenting The most important relationship for all beings is that with their parents. Through this relationship, a child receives love, support, and learn important values, their ethics, morals and methods of handling life. Unfortunately, many parents do not understand the importance of this parent-child relationship. Many parents do not realize that most of society’s problems stem mostly from what we learn when we were young and also what our children are learning from us in their developmental years.Most parents do not realize that their inability to commit to good parenting techniques causes serious detriment to the lives and well being of their children. Irresponsible parents practice multiple forms of abuse and neglect, including abandonment, physical and emotional abuse and /or neglect. The first research article addressed kids being left alone in parks. I was interested in the deviance of that situation and also the deviance of other parents sometimes turning a blind eye to that child’s danger. We will write a custom essay sample on Deviance: Irresponsible Parenting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ABC News conducted an experiment by playing out scenarios in parks with children left alone to see what other parents reaction would be. Schneider (a parent) then motioned toward another observer. If you dont leave this girl alone, I am going to ask this gentleman to call the police, she said to Kevin (ABC actor). At that moment ABC News producers intervened to explain that the situation had been part of an ethical dilemma scenario constructed by What Would You Do? Schneider explained that she had to get involved, A little child by themselves . .. you have to protect them. Over the course of our two-day experiment, three people out of 14 let the strangers walk off with little Katie. Those who intervened said they were concerned for and protective of the child, and that it was necessary for people to look out for one another (Levit, Mills 2009). The second article I found relevant spoke about co-parenting with an irresponsible parent. If the other parent fails to meet the basic needs or is neglectful, do not allow your child to suffer. Keep a journal documenting the details and attempt to discuss the effects this has on your child with the other parent.If this is unsuccessful your notes will be helpful should family court intervention become necessary (Unknown 2011). The most interesting EBSCOhost article I came across gave me information and insight on the problem of school absenteeism while debating the issue of irresponsible parents in terms of parental responsibility. Using the data collected from 150 Local Education Authorities and a survey among Education Welfare managers, the research study reported in this paper measures the association between authorities readiness to issue penalty notices and the change made in pupils absence rates between 2004 and 2006.Presenting the findings of the research study, the author argues that truancy is a complex social and historical issue and that poor parenting is itself a symptom of several underlying social problems and the circle of disadvantage (Zang 2007) . I chose these articles because my course topic choice was based on me finding out how many parents do simple things like run to the bathroom really quick while their child is having a great time on the swing or ignore the second letter home that their high school kid had absences from school.I conclude that this kind of behavior is highly irresponsible and deviant and often leads to extreme endangerment for the child . At the same time society also does not benefit from adults who were abused and neglected, these dysfunctional young adults also represent a different form of deviance within society as their sometimes poor criminal or immoral choices and reactions to the way they were brought up are acted out.

Radio Free Dixie free essay sample

Williams and the Roots of Black Power, Tyson details the life of a remarkable man who had the audacity not only to challenge racial injustice in America but also to contest the rarely disputed strategies of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Establishment. Tyson uses Williams life to illustrate his central thesis: how both the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement emerged from the same roots, confronted similar predicaments, and ultimately were fighting for the same thing: justice and freedom for blacks in America.Historians have customarily portrayed the civil rights movement as a nonviolent call on Americas conscience juxtaposing he subsequent rise of Black Power as a violent repudiation of the civil rights dream. As Robert Williamss story demonstrates, independent black political action, grassroots organizing, and armed self-reliance all operated in the South in conjunction with legal efforts and nonviolent protest. Tyson’s use of biography allows the readers to better relate to the experiences of Robert Williams therefore emphasizing the parallels and common threads between the two movements. We will write a custom essay sample on Radio Free Dixie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, it could just has easily been Dr.King, as a young boy that happened to witness that elderly black woman being beaten by a racist police officer; and the likelihood that any black person could have witnessed a similar event during that time period, unfortunately is quite likely. With the scene that Tyson created, it becomes instantly relatable and of course it would seem only rational to retaliate; the difference only lies in the approach to retaliation. Williams said himself â€Å"My only difference with Dr. King is that I believe in flexibility in the freedom struggle †. We can also look at the involvement of the NAACP for parallels.While both the non-violent movement and the armed self-reliance movement were involved with the NAACP, both movements experienced issues with the organization. Williams was the President of the Monroe and Union County branch of the NAACP, a branch that was extremely unique due to its majority composition of working class blacks and a leadership that was not middle-class. Tyson focuses on the difference in ideology based on class and further details the Williams/Wilkins divide. Williams later clashed heavily with Roy Wilkins, chairman of the national NAACP over Williams’ radical views and his public threat to â€Å"meet violence with violence†.Interestingly enough, the non-violent movement also had its issues with the national chapter, as King and Wilkins did not always see eye to eye. Tyson is also able to illustrate the parallels in the successes and the impact that both movements had on American society. Whether it was a 250, 000 person March on Washington, or 5 black guys with guns protecting the gravesite of a black veteran, every success, every fight big or small, violent or non-violent contributed and continues to contribute to the quest for racial justice in America.Tyson uses Williams’s biography as a means of putting the movement in context and providing the reader with some insight in to the experiences of black freedom fighters. His use of anecdotes combined with historical background and statistics are both particularly pe rsuasive and informative. The story-telling effect allows for a fairly easy read that provides a great deal of information along the way. Tyson’s book in comparison to similar biographical works based in this time period was laid out particularly well which again allowed for an easy read. Similar to Dr.King’s autobiography, Tyson goes in depth in to the roots of Williams’ past deciphering his experiences and relating them to the final product. For example, detailing Williams’ life back to the ideologies of his grandparents, his childhood, experiences with racial injustice and his military career allowed for a deeper understanding of his transformation in to a militant black leader. Another effective tactic Tyson used to depict Williams’ life was to focus his relationships with several other prominent black leaders at the time. ; Roy Wilkins, Dr. King, Thurgood Marshall etc. This allows the reader to find parallels and better understand the complexities of the black freedom struggle. Tyson highlights the incongruity in strategy and ideology in his detailing of these relationships yet maintains his central thesis that in the end they were all fighting for the same thing. The life of Robert Williams underlines many aspects of the ongoing black freedom struggle: The decisive racial significance of World War II and the impact of the Cold war on the Freedom Struggle and equally important the centrality of questions of sexuality and gender in racial politics.Particularly interesting was Tyson’s analysis of the rhetoric of protecting women as an integral part of the politics controlling women. Again, both the non-violent and militant movements share this in common. The black freedom struggle is notorious for its sexism whether intentional or not. You could take the Women’s Political Council from the Montgomery Bus Boycott or the female leadership in the Black Panther Party you would find these women were more than instrumental in the movement and ended up taking a back seat to a Martin Luther King Jr. or Robert F. Williams. Especially within the context of the class, the comparison of Dr.King and Williams is a complex one. A non-violent movement that appeals to the very conscience of society is difficult to challenge yet in Tyson’s depiction, Williams is able to unravel the entire strategy. Tyson quotes the Williams/King debate published in Liberation Magazine when Williams says: â€Å"Among the well-armed white population, there is open defiance to law and order throughout the south today. Where law has been broken down, only self-defense could deter the attacks of white terrorists who commit violence in service of their own sincere beliefs and time-honored prerogatives. Non-violence is a very potent weapon when the opponent is civilized. † This is an interesting point that Williams makes because so much of the non-violent movement relied on violence from the white counterparts in order to receive national attention. It was the water-hoses and attack dogs being set loose on non-violent men, women and children that grabbed the nation’s attention for a brief moment. As we saw in Albany, when whites were strategic and didn’t respond with violence, the movement was deemed a failure.An interesting similarity between King and Williams is that they both very firmly believed they were taking the high road. King in the sense that he believed non-violence was the ultimate form of resistance calling on a moral order to bring justice. Williams in the sense that he believed there was no higher honor than that of protecting your family and the women and children of your community by any means necessary. Tyson also details very carefully the relationship between King and Williams. Constant animosity towards each other, public denouncement, and constantly calling each other out to better represent America’s back population.In Tyson’s depiction, it seems the only thing they were able to agree on in the end was the opposition of the Vietnam War. Tyson writes plenty on the similarities of their respective movements yet there sees to be this constant juxtaposition of the two as individuals. In this sense, Tyson seemingly fails to detail the similarities between King and Williams throughout the course of their illustrious careers as freedom fighters. Tyson’s portrayal of the life of Robert F. Williams, allows us to better understand the complexities of the black freedom struggle. In his story Tyson unveils to us a man who was partly, if not wholly responsible for the influence and transition in the black freedom struggle from non-violence to self-defense. His ideologies and actions inspired future leaders such as Carmichael and Ricks, the Black Panthers and Malcolm X and allowed for an alternative to the mainstream Civil Rights Establishment of the 1950’s and 60’s. The traditional narrative of the civil rights movement as a movement characterized solely and predictably by non-violent civil rights protest obscures the full complexity of racial politics.As Tyson states â€Å"It idealizes black history, downplays the oppression of Jim Crow Society, and even understates the achievements of African American resistance. â€Å" What Tyson argues is that it is the recognition of the histories and lives of those such as Robert F. Williams that allow us to better understand the context of our own histories, that ultimately we all have a dream of raci al equality and social justice, and how far we still have to go to achieve that dream.

Trilogy Standards

Trilogy Standards The Trilogy StandardsAbstractThe changes to the trilogy standards which comprise of AASB 1018 'Statement of Financial Performance", AASB 1034, "Financial Report Presentations and Disclosures" and AASB 1040 "Statement of Financial Position" created confusion within the accounting profession and business community. The changes were designed for the purposes of international harmonisation and for a paradigm of change away from the profit and loss approach. Many of the issues that arose are being addressed by Exposure Drafts and a emphasis on making the disclosures relevant and reliable is a key issue for the profession. This assignment covers the changes that took place, it looks at the response to the changes and is supported by evidence resulting from a study of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) and Ernst and Young (EY). The relevance and reliability issue as in the Statement of Accounting Concepts (SAC) 3: has created debate over whether the trilogy standards meet such requirements.Graphique du bilan de la Wikimedia Foundation / Gr...The overall concern is eliminating the misinterpretation and confusion caused so the financial information is both relevant and reliable.IntroductionThe current AASB 1018 'Statement of Financial Performance" was issued in October 1999, along with two other presentation and disclosure standards, AASB 1034, "Financial Report Presentations and Disclosures" and AASB 1040 "Statement of Financial Position". These three standards became generally known as "the trilogy" and were first pertinent for 30 June 2001 year-ends. The introduction of the trilogy was the largest change to the presentation of financial reports in Australia in recent times with the balance sheet and profit and loss account being replaced with a Statement of Financial Position and Statement of Financial Performance. The two main reasons behind the change are the international harmonisation program and the move towards a balance-sheet emphasis. After the first year of...

Compare and contrast the British and American political systems Essay

Compare and contrast the British and American political systems - Essay Example The best ways are by comparing different political systems of societies from different geographical locations. Since the traditional and cultural values of each society are different, the thinking and the way of life would be very different if compared to one another. (Rabb, 2003, 45-57) Therefore, a political system to one society is likely to be different if compared to another. At the same time, western society might be unfamiliar to the ways of the eastern society and vice-versa. Sometimes as time passes, there develops new theories of new political systems by great thinkers. So we see one political system being changed to another. (Harman, 2003, 99-105) This proves that it's impossible to take just one time frame as different political systems developed at different time lines. In each society they have adopted to a mutual understanding of what's right and what's wrong. (Rabb, 2003, 45-57) For example: Howard Becker suggests "social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders." (Harman, 2003, 99-102) Therefore at times, we see revolutions that bring about a whole new political system, even though sometimes althea promises that was to come with the new system vanishes somewhere. Politics cannot be pinned down to a single aspect of life, it occurs throughout society, it involves every aspect of our lives, but it is especially concentrated in the modern nation state. It is the nation state that "establishes sovereign jurisdiction within defined boundaries...the state commands ultimate power in that it stands above all other associations and groups in society; it's laws demand the compliance of all those who live within its boundaries." (McWhi rter, 1994, 36-42) In politics there is a phrase that says, power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely'. What it means is that everyone who comes by political power becomes corrupted morally from the opportunities that this power brings with it. This really applies to most people since they shape their morality in line with social pressure. In other words, at first they are scared of society's disapproval and punishment and therefore avoid immorality, however, when power makes them strong, it decreases social pressure and as a result they become corrupted. (Rabb, 2003, 45-57) Religion is undoubtfully a big influence in society but it has declined in countries like the US and UK in the past century. Capitalism is thought to be behind the reason for the decline in organised religion in the US and UK. Each of the three political systems noted above is a type of democracy. The exact nature of that democracy can vary considerably however. In 1996 an estimated 117 countries were on record as being democracies (Sussman 1996, 118-125). Even in countries as similar as the United States and Great Britain this is often the case. The way the United States views representative democracy varies in some ways from the way this concept is viewed in the United Kingdom. This variance is obvious in numerous aspects of government, especially in terms of overall governmental structure. Democracy is indeed a grand and glorious concept,

Society (Immigration) U.S Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Society (Immigration) U.S - Movie Review Example Avalon’s journey begins with a polish-Jewish family, laced up with strong family ties and attachment for almost every reason like love, respect, care and integrity. (Gustafson, 2004) Krachinsky’s clan moved to America and settled in Baltimore in 1914 with hopes and spirit to earn pleasure and harmony, wanted to experience the wonders of America and it limitless possibilities but unfortunately they faced unpleasant changes in their strong family network and no longer remained compassionate about their deep traditional roots. They multiplied into generations and got success in their financial statuses but faced some heartbreaking problems when their 2nd and 3rd generation moved away from family bounding and pursued for American ideology. Krachinsky brought along their fine cultural, traditional and religious values which were later eroded by the strong social forces and were replaced by the modernize American Culture. (Paul Haspel, 2008) The story revolves around three ma in changes that the family suffered through, firstly when the family started moving to suburbs, Secondly Levinson emphasized on the get together with the extended families on special days like thanksgiving or church days, was no longer practiced or enjoyed together on a long dinner table in fact, gradually shrunk to small tables after the arrival of television, Third and the main point was that the succeeding generation started replacing their family names. The youth was driven slowly and gradually into cultural assimilation where they forgot their roots and traditional practices and ran for the charisma that the American Society carries. The limelight of fast pace American life has always attracted people regardless of their beliefs. This is what impressed Sam when he first stepped in America and saw the biggest and brightest celebrations and he realized that he made the right decision. Later he was proven wrong when he experienced the harsh attitudes from his own son and his wife. Levinson has brilliantly pictured the generation gap with all its components like adaptation of new technological advancements, upgrading lifestyles by moving to suburbs and doing a white collar jobs, replacement of their own sir names and keeping American names. (Haspel, 2008) The detoriation of cultural heritage effected and poisoned Sam gradually and ultimately when he finally saw his grandson visiting him in old home. It is about all immigrants who face such issues like language difference, religious difference and on the whole color differences. Whatever the picture, media and Hollywood presents, the problems that immigrants from all around the world face remains there but they have no direct way to popularize it therefore the world accept the picture which is neatly painted by the American media that how immigrants have successfully accomplished in America, ignoring the fact that they have sacrificed their precious norms in terms of their moral, religious and cultural values to get this materialistic improvement in life. There is no doubt that American land is charismatic, full of glitz and glam but at the same time it heavily lacks family life and discipline of human life which can never lose its essence no matter how much we progress and achieve in our life. Levinson developed an awesome piece with a

Importance of breast milk as a mode of passive immunisation in babies

Importance of breast milk as a mode of passive immunisation in babies Importance of breast milk as a mode of passive immunization in babies Content 01) Introduction 02) Composition of breast milk 03) Passive Immunization 4. Components in breast milk which contribute to the passive immunization in babies 4.1) Anti-infective 2) Ant allergic 3) Anti-inflammatory 4) Drugs 05) Conclusion Introduction Breastfeeding provides unsurpassed natural nutrition to the newborn and infant. Human breast milk also contains numerous protective factors against infectious disease and may influence immune system development.If immune system development is significantly improved with the introduction of components of breast milk, then prematurely discontinued breastfeeding may facilitate pathogenesis of many chronic diseases later in life (e.g., autoimmune disorders) In addition to being the best source of nutrition for newborns and infants, human breast milk also provides immunologic protection against many infectionsAlthough most of the immunologic benefit cited by researchers relates to protection from diarrheal diseases that are especially prevalent in developing countries(2,3) breastfeeding has also been shown to protect infants against extra intestinal infections, such as otitis media(4,6)and respiratory diseases.(7,10) Breast-feeding maintains the maternal-fetal immunological link after birth, may favor the transmission of immune competence from the mother to her infant, and is considered an important contributory factor to the neonatal immune defense system during a delicate and crucial period for immune development. The protection from infections may be ensured either passively by factors with anti-infective, hormonal, enzymatic, trophic, and bioactive activity present in breast milk, or through a modulator effect on the neonatal immune system exerted by cells, cytokines, and other immune agents in human milk. This essay will show how these factors of breast milk affect the passive immune system in babies. Composition of Breast milk Breast milk has all the necessary nutrients for infant in correct proportions  including macro and micronutrients. The first fluid produced by mothers after delivery is colostrum, which is distinct in volume, appearance and composition. Colostrum, produced in low quantities in the first few days postpartum, is rich in immunologic components such as secretory IgA, lactoferrin,leukocytes, as well as developmental factors such as epidermal growth factor (4).Colostrumalso contains relatively low concentrations of lactose, indicating its primary functions to beimmunologic and trophic rather than nutritional. Levels of sodium, chloride and magnesiumare higher and levels of potassium and calcium are lower in colostrum than later milk.(1) The nutritional components of human milk derive from three sources: Some of the nutrientsof milk originate by synthesis in the lactocyte, some are dietary in origin, and some originatefrom maternal stores. Overall, the nutritional quality of human milk is highly conserved, butattention to maternal diet is important for some vitamins and the fatty acid composition ofhuman milk.(4) The macronutrient composition of human milk varies within mothers and across lactationbut is remarkably conserved across populations despite variations in maternal nutritional Status (13).The mean macronutrient composition of mature, term milk isestimated to be approximately 0.9 to 1.2 g/dL for protein, 3.2 to 3.6 g/dL for fat, and 6.7 to7.8 g/dL for lactose. Energy estimates range from 65 to 70 kcal/dL, and are highly correlatedwith the fat content of human milk. Macronutrient composition differs between preterm andterm milk, with preterm milk tending to be higher in protein and fat. A study inDavis, California examined the association between maternal characteristics and the composition of human milk macronutrients(4) and found that after 4 months postpartum, themacronutrient concentrations of human milk are associated with one or more of thefollowing factors: Maternal body weight for height, protein intake, parity, return ofmenstruation, and nursing frequency. This study also found that mothers who producehigher quantities of milk tend to have lower milk concentrations of fat and protein but higherconcentrations of lactose. The proteins of human milk are divided into the whey and casein fractions or complexes,with each comprised by a remarkable array of specific proteins and peptides(4,1).The mostabundant proteins are casein, ÃŽ ±-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, secretory immunoglobulin IgA,lysozyme, and serum albumin.(14) Non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds, includingurea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, amino acids, and nucleotides, comprise ~25% of humanmilk nitrogen. Human milk protein concentration is not affected by maternal diet, but increases with maternal bodyweight for height, and decreases in mothers producing higher amounts of milk.10 Human milk fat is characterized by high contents of palmitic and oleic acids, the formerheavily concentrated in the 2-position and the latter in the 1- and 3-positions of thetriglycerides. Fat is the most highly variable macronutrient of milk. Hind milk, defined as thelast milk of a feed, may contain two to three times the concentration of milk fat found inforemilk, defined as the initial milk of a feed. The principal sugar of human milk is the disaccharide lactose. The concentration of lactosein human milk is the least variable of the macronutrients, but higher concentrations oflactose are found in the milk of mothers producing higher quantities of milk. (10) The other significant carbohydrates of human milk are the oligosaccharides, which compriseapproximately 1 g/dL in human milk, depending on stage of lactation and maternal geneticfactors. (1) Human milk provides the normative standard for infant nutrition. Nevertheless, manymicronutrients vary in human milk depending on maternal diet and body stores , including vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, D,and iodine.(1) Vitamin K is extremely low inhuman milk and thus, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends an injection of thisvitamin to avoid hemorrhagic disease of the newborn(4).Vitamin D also occurs in lowquantity in human milk, particularly with low maternal exposure to sunshine, a circumstancenow common in populations worldwide Human milk contains numerous growth factors that have wide-ranging effects on theintestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system. Intestinal maturation and repair: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) Found in amniotic fluid and breast milk, (1, 4) EGF is critical to the maturation andhealing of the intestinal mucosa EGF is highest in early milk anddecreases over lactation.45,46 The average EGF level in colostrum is 2000-fold higher and inmature milk is 100-fold higher than in maternal serum.41 Further, preterm milk containshigher levels of EGF than term milk.(4) Growth and development of the enteral nervous system: Neuronal growth factors (GDNF) In human cells, breast milk-derived GDNF increases neuron survival and outgrowth.51 Tissue growth: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamily IGF-I and IGF-II, as well as IGF binding proteins and IGF-specific proteases, are found inhuman milk.(1, 4)Levels are highest in colostrum, and steadily decline over the course oflactation.(1,4). Enteraladministration of physiological levels of IGF-I stimulates erythropoiesis and increaseshematocrit.(1) Regulation of the vascular system: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Angiogenesis is regulated primarily by the relative expression of VEGF and its antagonists. VEGF concentration is highest in colostrum in both preterm and term human milk, withpreterm milk containing less VEGF than term milk.(4) Intestinal development and prevention of anemia: Erythropoietin (Epo) Milk contains significant quantities of Epo, which is the primary hormone responsible forincreasing red blood cells (RBC). Blood loss, intestinal pathology, and immaturity of thehematopoietic system all contribute to anemia of prematurity, which profoundly impactsgrowth and development. (4,1) Growth-regulating hormones: Calcitonin and Somatostatin Calcitonin and its precursor procalcitonin are present in large quantities in milk.(4) Somatostatin is rapidly degraded in the jejunum and not transferred through theintestinal wall, but delivery with milk protects it from degradation and maintains bioactivity within the lumen (1, 4). Passive Immunization the ability of an organism to resist disease, either through the activities of specialized blood cells or antibodies produced by them in response to natural exposure or inoculation (active immunity) or by the injection of antiserum or the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her baby via the placenta or breast milk (passive immunity)(7,8,10) Passive immunization can be categorized as Natural and Artificial. Artificially prepared antibodies are introduced in congenital or acquired immunodeficiency,4,7where as naturally occurring passive immunity transfer of maternal antibody –mediated immunity through placenta or breast milk(3,4,7). Mother’s previous exposure to antigens is directly proportional to the amount of antibodies present in the milk9. Although antibodies are proteins, they do not breakdown into peptides by the proteolytic activity of infant’s gastric enzymes(14).Thus they provide immunity throughout the digestive tract and systemic immunity without exerting any allergic symptoms (4, 7, 8, 10)for common diseases occur after birth. Components in Breast milk which contribute to the passive immunization of babies These components can be categorized into several groups according to their function. (1) Anti-infective (2) Anti-allergic (3) Anti-inflammatory (4) Drugs (01) Anti-infective properties The protective effect of breast-feeding against infections is called the Anti-infective propertiesin the newborns immature immune system.As compensation has the baby in the first months trans placental spoken transferred IgG from the mother.In addition, antibodies and other immune components transmitted through breast milk(3).Humoral and Cellular factors are responsible for infant immunological properties.(8) Humoral factors There are various protective factors present in human milk, including immunoglobulin (Ig), lysozymes, the bifidus factor and nutrient-carrier proteins which bind vitamin B12,folate,and iron(in lactoferin) and limit their availability for intestinal bacteria, especially E.coli.(8) The immunoglobulins include IgC, IgM and IgD. The most important of these in man appears to be secretory IgA (sIgA).It defers antigenically from serum IgA. Secretory IgA is especially high in colostrum (2-4 mg/ml). sIgA is a compact molecule, and is resistant to proteolytic enzymes of the gastro-intestinal secretions and low stomach ph. Secretory IgAin human milk is in 10-100 times greater concentrations than in maternal serum.(3,8) In older individuals, sIgA is normally produced by sub epithelial cells in the intestinal tract. (8)During the early weeks of life the neonate does not secret this antibody, so that IgA in colostrum and milk act as an antiseptic intestinal paint, protectingintestinal epithelial surfaces until the infant’s own immune mechanisms mature. Bifidus factor is an N-containing carbohydrate. It is present in very high concentrations in colostrum.(3,8) It lost if breast milk is boiled. The bifidus factor in human milk (combined with the low pH of the intestinal contents) facilitates the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus (Bifidobacteria),which appears to have an intestinal guardian function, in particular checking the growth of undesirable, possibly harmful organisms, such as pathogenic E.coli. Human milk contains large amounts of lactoferine (2 mg/100 ml) a powerful bacteriostatic.Lactoferin acts synergistically with sIgA. Lactoferin is an unsaturated iron binding compound which competes for iron with enteral organisms.(3) Lysozyme is a well-recognizedanti-infective substance found in breast milk(up to 2mg/100ml).This enzyme inhibits the growth of many bacterial species by disrupting the proteoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall(3,7). And may play a role in protecting against various viruses, includingHerpes hominis virus. Fresh breast milk has been used in some traditional cultures as eye drops in the treatment of conjunctivitis. (12) Other anti-infective substances which have a similar protective functions are interferon, derived fromlymphocytes, which may have anti-viral properties against neonatal infections with, for example, herpes virus(8) Cellular effects Human milk is a â€Å"live fluid† as is blood, with active enzymes (lysozyme, lipase), hormones (corticosteroids) and cells. The primary cell in human milk appears to be the microphages (at least 2700 per  µl), with lymphocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells. The microphages secretelysozyme and lactoferrin. They are motile, amoeboid and phagocytic. Lymphocytes are also abundant in human milk. They produce sIgA and interferon Human breast milk, and especially the early colostrum, contains measurable levels of leukocytes. Breast milk contains up to 4000 leukocyte like cells per micro liter during the first two weeks of life. Colostrum contains approximately 5_106 cells per mL, an amount that decreases tenfold in mature milk. (7,8,3) Most of these leukocytes are macrophages and neutrophils, which phagocytes microbial pathogens. Lymphocytes, including T cells, natural killer cells, and antibody producing B cells, make up 10% of the leukocytes in human breast milk(8). There is evidence to suggest that these cells survive passage through the infant’s gastrointestinal system where they are absorbed and influence the infant’s immune response.(11) Anti-allergic properties Allergic diseases in early childhood due to food poisoning seem to be particularly common in all over the world. Many factors are responsible for food allergy in young children, but cow’s milk proteins such as ÃŽ ±-lactalbumin and ÃŽ ²-lactoglobulin are the commonest allergens. They are not present in human milk.(8,3) The range of diseases due to milk protein intolerance is considerably high and includes atopicdermatitis (infantile eczema) , rhinitis failure to thrive ,otitis media, allergic gastroenteropathy and hypersensivity microhaemorrhages(11). However breast feeding will not eliminate food allergies, not even completely to cow’s milk. It will however reduce the incidence very gradually and delay their onset.(8) Anti-inflammatory properties Although inflammation is a beneficial defense to the infant, an exaggerated inflammatory response will result in reduced intake, illness, and gut damage. It is not entirely clear whether the exaggerated or unchecked inflammatory response to an infectious challenge occurs only in the gut or whether this extends to the infant’s systemic immune system. The overall the balance of factors in breast milk appears to dampen the inflammatory response Cytokines such as IL (Interleukin)6, IL10, Interferon, TGFÃŽ ²(transforming Growth Factor) and TNFR(Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor) 1 and 11 are anti-inflammatory factors found in breast milk.(3,2) HMOS (Human Milk Oligosaccharides) in breast milk also act as an anti-inflammatory substance. Inflammation benefits the host as a defense mechanism7 and biological anti-inflammatoryof breast milk minimizes the symptoms without interfering the immune response of the infant(9) Drugs/Chemical Toxicants Potentially toxic chemical substances can be taken orally or intravenously by mothers and those drugs can be excreted in human milk. Very recently (1970), a newly recognizeduncommon form of neonatal jaundice has been described associated with the excretion of 3-ÃŽ ±, 2-ÃŽ ² pregnanediol in the breast milk, which competes for glucuronyl transferase in the infant’s liver. This condition has never been associated withkernicterus or other type of brain damage.(3,8) Few decades ago, protection from malaria was sought by administering anti-malarial drugs to nursing mother but, weren’t success.3Some chemical toxicants in drugs can interferewith the metabolism of babies. Ex: Mercury can alter the genetically determined responseof Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and might cause hemolysis.(3,10) Conclusion After birth the infant is having an immature immune system. Its capacity to produce antibodies is low. To compensate this immunodeficiency breast milk provides immunological factors. Infants immune system gradually develop with the age. Accordingly the constituents of breast milk vary with stage of breast feeding. Breast milk contains lot of immunological factors. Early stage of breast milk it has more, rather than later. By supplying immunity breast milk act as a dynamic, multifaceted fluid, containing nutrients and bio active factors needed for the infant’s health and development. So breast milk is turned out to be the most reliable, safest and cheapest way of supplying nutrients and immunity for the infants. When breast milk provides its immunity it does not cause any other side effects too. So we can finally conclude breast milk as an important mode of passive immunization in babies References (01) Section on Human milk composition Ballard and Morrow pediatrics journal 2013. pg 5263 (02) Section on breastfeeding and health outcomes .Diafericet al pediatrics journal 2013. pg34,5 (03) Human milk in the modern world JelliffeJelliffe. 2nd edition 1979. 85109 (04) Pubmed (05) The normal child.10th edition Roland S Illingworth .2005 (06) Text book of pediatrics .Nelson.19th edition. 2012.pg 28,160 (07) Immunology .RoittBrostoff .4th edition.1996 (08)Journal of nutrition. American society for nutrition. Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, SpedaliCivili, 25123 Brescia, Italy (09) Breastfeeding, Immune response, and long health. Kelly M. Jackson, PhD, Professor, Medical (11) Breastfeeding for Dummies, comparing formula and breast milk .Sharon Parkins, CarrolVannais (12) Personal information (13). Prentice, A. Regional Variations in the Composition of Human Milk. In: Jensen, RG., editor.Handbook of Milk Composition. Academic Press, Inc.; San Diego, CA: 1995. p. 919 (14). Jensen, RG. Handbook of Milk Composition. Academic Press, Inc.; San Diego, CA: 1995.

Field Study 2

LOOKING THROUGH THE MEANINGFUL LEARNING EXPERIENCE Name of Fs student: Xysha Mae M. Roldriguez Course: Bachelor in Elementary Education Year: III Resource Teacher: Josephine G. Paulin Signature: ______________ Cooperating School: Monkayo Central Elementary School Name of School Observed: Monkayo Central Elementary School School Address: Monkayo, Compostela Valley Province Date of Visit: September – October 2012 1. What principles in teaching – learning were commonly applied? – the principles in teaching – learning commonly applied were the learning environment is supportive and productive.And that learning is an active process which begins and ends in their cognitive aspects. 2. What are the instructional materials used in teaching? – The instructional materials used are picture flash cards, charts, visual aids, and books. 3. Which of the principles in teaching facilitate the cognitive, metacognitive and positive motivational process of learning? â €“ Promote assessment as part of the learning process. Students (and sometimes teachers) typically see assessments as purely summative: something that teachers do to students at the end of a topic.Building the perception that (most) assessment tasks are part of the learning process includes encouraging students learning from what they did and did not do well as well as having students taking some ownership of and responsibility for aspects of assessment. It also includes teachers ensuring that they are assessing for a range of aspects of quality learning wider range of skills than is often the case. Scribble a brief reflection of your feelings and insights from your observation experience. * The teacher is responsible in aiming the development of creative and critical skills. Creative thinking involves reating something new or original. It involves the skills of flexibility, originality, fluency, elaboration, brainstorming, modification, imagery, associative thinking, attribute listing, metaphorical thinking, and forced relationships. The aim of creative thinking is to stimulate curiosity and promote divergence. While critical thinking can be thought of as more left-brain and creative thinking more right brain, they both involve â€Å"thinking. † When we talk about HOTS â€Å"higher-order thinking skills† we're concentrating on the top three levels of Bloom's Taxonomy: analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.The teacher must not only ask questions that begins with what, who, where and when because these are low – level questions. In order to develop the thinking skills the teacher should exercise questions like how and why, this is one way to develop their critical and creative thinking skills. Learners’ Characteristics and Needs Name of Fs student: Xysha Mae M. Roldriguez Course: Bachelor in Elementary Education Year: III Resource Teacher: Josephine G. Paulin Signature: ______________ Cooperating School: Monkayo Central Elementary SchoolDescription of Teaching Strategies * Classroom strategies used by the teachers are collaborative/ creative learning in which students work together in small groups to accomplish a common learning goal. They carefully planned and executed the activity given. Next, is the discussion strategies were in the students are engage in discussion that deepens their learning and motivation by developing their own views and hear their own voices. A good environment for interaction is the first step in encouraging students to talk. Description of learning activities The learning activities done by the students and teacher were successful. Wherein the students were able to participate in the given activity and cooperate with each other. They actively participated even though some students got the wrong answers. The learning activity given gave the students impact in their cognitive and psychomotor skills. It helps them think ideas by answering the activity. Their personalities were develope d because the teacher integrated values in her lessons. Description of learners’ participation (proportion of learners who participated and quality of participation) There was a high percentage of participation in class. There were only few students who did not participate in class. There is a good quality of participation in class since majority participated in the activities. They learn to participate wherein they can develop their self confidence and communication skills. Scribble a brief reflection of your feelings and insights from your observation experience. -learning is an active process. The teacher should actively engage the learners in learning activities.For we all know that no one can learn for us, in the same way that nobody can eat and sleep for us. So, teachers should give opportunities for students to actively participate in classroom activities. There should be â€Å" hands-on-minds- on â€Å" learning. Yet, the most effective approaches according to the r esearchers are learning by doing and learning by teaching others. Assisting a Teacher with a Teacher’s Toolbox Name of Fs student: Xysha Mae M. Roldriguez Course: Bachelor in Elementary Education Year: III Resource Teacher: Josephine G.Paulin Signature: ______________ Cooperating School: Monkayo Central Elementary School Subject Observed: English School: Monkayo Central Elementary SchoolYear: IV Matrix| Subject Matter| Objectives| Instructional Materials| Learning Activities| Assessment Tools Used| Parts of Speech & Figures of Speech| – To prepare the students for the coming finals- Mastery of the Parts of speech and Figures of speech | – Visual Aids- Textbooks| – Review- Discussion- Recitation| – Drills- Graded Recitation- Board Work- Quiz| ————————————————- Observation ReportThe first objective of the lesson is preparing the students fo r the finals, next is the Mastery of the Parts of Speech and Figures of Speech and the third objective is to make the students realize how important the lessons are in the next level and how they can use it in daily life. Learning activities such as discussion, review, recitation was facilitated by the teacher and she used drills, board work and a quiz as her assessment tools. The students were all participating, and knew most of the answers and were even able to give examples of any figure of speech asked for them to define.They also know how to analyze the sentences given on the board on how sentence patterns are used such as S-LV-C pattern and S-TV-DO pattern. The teacher knew that the students will learn better with enough practice and she encourages all of them to speak to build their confidence to recite in class. All of the activities she engages the students in are all a part of her lesson plan so she can reach her objectives for that day. If I were the teacher I would use a ctivities that will cover the learning process holistically and a plan that will be utilized to obtain the objectives that I set for the students to reach.I will also use other activities that will enhance their social skills and language competency such as role playing. Analysis: 1. What are the objectives of the lesson, the subject matter, learning activities and assessment tools used by the teacher? The first objective is to prepare the students for the coming finals. The teacher was able to clear this part of her objectives because I’ve seen how the students perform during the class activity and I can say that most of them are ready for finals despite the fact that belong to section 5. Next is the Mastery of the 8 Parts of speech and Figures of speech.This objective was achieved around 80-85 percent of the class. The discussion was very effective because it gives the students a sense of familiarity because they learn better using this kind of activity. The board work and drills were also effective in making the students apply everything they studied for the upcoming finals. They were not only ready for the exam but they also carry the life lessons that the teacher has instilled in their hearts. The teacher wanted the students to realize how important the lessons are in the next level and how they can use it in daily life.The integration of values in the lessons is always practiced by the teacher in any class she handles and I admire her for doing that. We as future teachers must know that we are not only mind enhancers but also heart and spirit molders. 2. How do the learners participate in the activities? I must admit that I don’t know if I should be impressed with the teacher or with the students. Why? Because the students were active participants of the class when most people would expect that these kids are no good at all because when asked they answer, when requested to give an example they perform. They even recite in.The question is do they perform this well in other subjects? If this is the same scenario I would see with other teachers, then they are without a doubt a very good class. But I’ve observed other teachers too and I must say the teacher is someone who has an aura that makes the students well-behaved. The moment they see her coming students go to their seats it’s not because she is a terror teacher but she already reached the classroom climate which is a business-like but non-threatening atmosphere. The students participated actively, with very good answers and listened attentively to everything that the teacher has to say.So I think it’s in the teacher if the students would act out or be unruly on how she will handle these things. The students can smell fear and they can take advantage of that if they wanted to. These students are more impressive than the 3-4. This was the second time I observed them and I was still impressed as if I was observing 3-1 students. 3. What reasons doe s the teacher give in having such learning activities? The teacher first decides on which objectives to work on by using the needs of the students as basis.In this case, it is the needs of the 3-5 that the teacher decides to do a review before the final exam comes. She chose discussion because the students are more adept in learning when it comes to reviewing if she uses this kind of approach in teaching them. To satisfy my curiosity, I interviewed a few students in 3-5 and they admitted that they learn better when the teacher discuss the lesson instead of doing other styles. Since it is almost the end of the school year, the teacher obviously knows how to design her lesson plan and she already knows the best way for the 3-5 students to learn.The teacher knows that the board work enhances the writing skills and grammar skills while the recitation covers mostly speaking skills, social skills and building one’s self-confidence. Quizzes also help the teacher evaluate how far the students have reached in terms of the lesson. So we can’t do away with any of these things when it comes to teaching. We can’t leave out anything because they are all important. The plan must be complete or the system would fall apart. We have to consider everything because all these things are a part of the teaching-learning process. . If you were the teacher, what activities, materials and assessment tools will you use? Why? I can’t say I would only focus on a single activity but I have to utilize all the learning activities I have learned on my major subjects especially this semester I have learned a lot of activities and studied on how to use materials that can be utilized to encourage speaking and enhance grammar in class such as maps, graphic organizers, role playing, group projects, group games, interactive discussion, cooperative learning and many more.I also learned about the different types of assessment tools such as rubrics, exams, portfolios and ot hers. Of course it is not only the students who are being considered here but also the lesson and how it relates to a certain material, activity and evaluation. Activities, materials and assessment tools must be in sync with the objectives so it will be a smooth flow all throughout the period. I plan to use a variety of techniques to know what is suitable for the students. To find out what is their special skills are or what kind of learner they are.And which activities they are weak in and make that weakness disappear or if not help them cope with it. What they lack in something must be compensated by another skill. Through using these things as tools in the correct way, the success rate of teaching-learning process is in very good hands. Reflections: 1. What insights/learning & new understandings have you gained from your experience? I have really learned a lot from this semester. All the observing experiences made me see all the important facts in being a teacher. They made me re alize about a lot of things not just in teaching but also about life.These experiences are by far the most fruitful of all in my school life. I learned to manage my time, worry about important things in life and see the teacher in me. Good teachers are full of passion, well prepared for their lesson, have anticipatory skills and of course live with integrity. Aside from knowledge, teachers must possess positive attitudes and admirable work ethics. One sees these qualities through the way activities are facilitated by the teacher, how the materials are organized and prepared, and another thing is how the assessment tools are used.The assessment must never be used to punish the student. This is where positive attitude comes in. Dedication, hard work and punctuality are also important. We should demonstrate not just the lesson but also the process by which we learn. All teachers must realize that part of their job is to teach their students how to learn. I’ve learned that metaco gnition comes in when we focus on learning how to learn. Teachers must also learn from their mistakes, and experiment continually with ways to improve their strategies and teaching methods.GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN THE SELECTION AND USE OF TEACHING STRATEGIES Name of FS Student______________________________________________________________ Course_______________________________________ Year & Section _____________________ Resource Teacher 1_____________Signature ______________Date______________ Resource Teacher 2_____________ Signature ______________Date______________ Resource Teacher 3_____________Signature______________ Date______________ Cooperating School_______________________________________________________________My Target In this Episode, I must be able to: * Write evidence of application of some guiding principles in the selection use of teaching strategies My Tool As I observe a class, I will use the Observation Sheet for a more focused observation. OBSERVATION SHEET| Name of th e Resource Teachers Observed:________________,__________________,________________School Address:_________________________________________________Date:___________________Grade/ Year Level: _________________________________ Subject Area: _________________________|Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Strategies| Teaching Behavior/s of the Resource Teacher that Applies the Principles| 1. Learning is an active process. | 1. | 2. The more senses are involve, the more and the better the learning. | 2. | 3. A non – threatening environment enhances learning. | 3. | 4. Emotion has the power to increase retention and learning. | 4. | 5. Good teaching goes beyond recall of information. | 5. | 6. Learning is meaningful when it is connected to the students’ everyday life. | | 7. An integrated teaching approach is far more effective than teaching isolated bits of information. | |